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Biochemistry > Biological Energy Sources > Flashcards

Biological Energy Sources Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Adenine + Ribose = nucloeside (adenosine)
3 phosphate groups + Ribose + Adenine = nucleotide (adenosine triphosphate)
Alpha phosphate is directly attached to ribose
There are alpha, beta, and gamma phosphates

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2
Q

Why is the game phosphate highly unstable?

A

Because of so much negatives

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3
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

High energy phosphodiester bond is broken through hydrolysis to make ADP
*this is favorable and spontaneous

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4
Q

T or F. ADP Phosphorylation is unfavorable and non spontaneous

A

True

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5
Q

Mechanisms for ATP Formation

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occurs? Explain the mechanism

A

It occurs during glycolysis and involves the transfer of a phosphate group from a glycolytic intermediate to ADP, forming ATP (also occurs on citric acid cycle- GTP)
*this is always enzyme catalyze and always coupled with a spontaneous and favorable rxn to help it drive forward

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7
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation accounts for the formation for most of ATP. Describe it

A

ATP synthase is used to form ATP when protons are pumped to the mitochondrial matrix. It uses the energy present in the electrochemical gradient.

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8
Q

T or F. Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation can only occur in the presence of oxygen.

A

False. Substrate level phosphorylation can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. For oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is required. Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor in ETC

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9
Q

This is similar to ATP but powers biological rxns involved in signaling cascades and protein synthesis

A

GTP- produced using substrate-level phosphorylation in the citric acid cycle

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10
Q

Other high energy bonds

A
  • Thioester bond in acetyl-CoA

- bonds in the reduced conenzymes: FADH2, NADH

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11
Q

What type of bonds do our cells use to store energy for later use and to power non-spontaneous reactions that are necessary for cellular function?

A

High energy bonds

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12
Q

A molecule of ATP contains 3 phosphate groups attached via the alpha phosphate to which hydroxyl group of ribose?

A

5’

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13
Q

Which molecules are involved in carrying electrons from substrates in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the ETC?

A

NADH and FADH2

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14
Q

Redox reactions in our cells are used in process that involves?

A

Energy

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15
Q

Redox reactions play a huge role in?

A

Cellular metabolism

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16
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation- loss of electrons

Reduction- gain of electrons

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17
Q

Reduction

A
  • gain of electrons
    -fewer bonds to oxygen
    -more bonds to hydrogen
    Ex. Aldehyde to alcohol
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18
Q

Oxidation

A
  • lose electrons
  • more bonds to oxygen
    -less bonds to hydrogen
    Ex. Alcohol to aldehyde
19
Q

Alkene is more reduced or oxidized than alkane ?

A

Oxidized

20
Q

What molecules play major roles in redox reactions in the cellular metabolism?

A

NADH and FADH2

21
Q

NADH

A
  • when NAD+ gains a hydrogen it becomes more reduced and in the process, it oxidized a molecule which lose a hydrogen
  • oxidation of NADH is spontaneous as well.
22
Q

FADH2

A
  • when FAD+ gain 2 e- (2 hydrogens) it becomes reduced to FADH2 and it was also an oxidizing agent for a the other molecule involved in this process
  • can be partially oxidized by losing only one 1 electron (FADH) or fully oxidized by losing 2 electrons (FADH2)
23
Q

NADH and FADH2 are used in which pathways

A

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and beta-oxidation

24
Q

The pumps use the energy gain from electron transfers to drive what against their concentration gradient?

A

Hydrogen ions, or protons

25
Q

The proton gradient powers oxidative phosphorylation via what?

A

ATP synthase

26
Q

What is the final acceptor in the ETC?

A

Diatomic oxygen molecule that is reduced to water

27
Q

Measure how energetically favorable reduction is

A

Reduction potential

The more positive the reduction potential is, the more a substance likes to be reduced

28
Q

Place the following in order of most to least oxidized: ethane, ethane, methane, and ethene

A

Ethane, ethene, ethane, methane

29
Q

If. A redox reaction required a biological reducing agent carrying two electrons, which of the following could serve as this reducing agent?

A

NADH and FADH2

30
Q

Oxygen is the final acceptor in the ETC, which means it reduction potential must be __________ than the complex immediately before it and it oxidation potential must __________ than the complex immediately before it

A

Higher; Lower

31
Q

What is the cell’s predominant source of fuel

A

Glucose- can be easily stored as glycogen and its catabolism liberates large amounts of ATP via aerobic respiration

32
Q

Can glucose simply cross the membrane

A

No. There are special transmembrane glucose transporters

33
Q

4 most important glucose transporters

A

GLUT 1-4

34
Q

How does the body make a smart choice about how to use glucose?

A

The presence of diverse glucose transporters and their differential expression across cell types

35
Q

Type of glucose transporter. Location

Nearly all tissue, especially fetal tissues, erythrocytes, and cancer cells

A

GLUT 1

36
Q

Type of glucose transporter. Function

  • Baseline cellular glucose uptake
  • expression increases when glucose is low
A

GLUT 1

37
Q

Type of glucose transporter. Location

Liver, kidney, pancreatic beta cells

A

GLUT 2

38
Q

type of glucose transporter. Function

  • bidirectional transport for glycolysis/ glycogenesis and
  • glucose sensor
A

GLUT 2

39
Q

Type of glucose transporter: Location

- neurons, placenta

A

GLUT 3

40
Q

Type of glucose transporter. Function

  • high glucose affinity
  • transports glucose into cell even when extracellular concentrations are low
A

GLUT 3

41
Q

Type of glucose transport. Location

Skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose tissue

A

GLUT 4

42
Q

Type of glucose transporter. Function

  • glucose storage as glycogen or triglycerides
  • unregulated by glucose and insulin
  • insulin sensitive
A

GLUT 4- regulated by hormone insulin and primarily expressed after meals when blood glucose levels are high

43
Q

Type 2 Diabetes. Which glucose transporter becomes insensitive to insulin and stops being expressed with normal insulin levels?

A

GLUT 4

44
Q

T or F. A cancer cell from a particular tissue is likely to express more glucose transporters than a healthy cell from the same tissue.

A

True. Cancer cells are cells in which the regulation of growth and division have been significantly altered. Because cancerous cells grow more quickly and I divided more frequently, their energy demands are higher,

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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