Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FunMed Week 5 > Biological Energy > Flashcards

Biological Energy Flashcards

1
Q

how can energy be stored?

(for reference / background knowledge)

A

as chemical bonds:

  • sugar / far stores
  • atp
  • phosphocreatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what energy stores do we have?

e.g for carb / fat?

A

carb stores - e.g. glycogen - medium term energy storage. stored in liver / muscle

fat stores - adipose tissue. long term storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is ATP formed? (simple)

how is ATP continously recycled?

A

formed: phosphorylation of ADP and AMP

recycled between: catabolism (synthesis) and anabolism (utilisation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the energy come from in ATP?

A
  • Charge density -> negative charge on Phosphate Group

- Resonance -> (describes type of bonding and molecules present)

  • Reaction held far from equilibrium (if held far from equilibrium - get storage of energy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how form energy from ATP?

  • how does cell sense how much energy it has?
A
  • ATP gets hydrolysed —> inorganic P, ADP and Energy
  • Cellular ratio between ATP and AMP = sense how much energy has
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the type of reactions get for the couple reaction of glucose breakdown and protein synthesis

A

Coupled reaction of glucose breakdown and protein synthesis

exergonic reaction: glucose breakdown -> Co2 + h20 + heat

endogonic reaction: ATP synthesis

Exergonic reaction: ATP breakdown

Endergonic reaction: protein synthesis

GET NET EXERGENIC REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe briefly synthesis of phosphocreatine

A

phosphocreatine synthesis:

  • transfer of phosphate group to ATP
  • enzyme used: creatine kinase
  • anaerobic conditions
  • One of the ways that this ATP supply is regenerated is through the molecule creatine phosphate (or phosphocreatine). In the process of regeneration of ATP, creatine phosphate transfers a high-energy phosphate to ADP. The products of this reaction are ATP and creatine*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can phosphocreatine act as?

where usually found / indicator of ?

A

phosphocreatine: ATP buffer (can restore ATP when needed)

Location: in tissues that have high, fluctuating energy demands - muscle and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is creatine kinase? what does it mean if found in blood?

A

enzyme that catalyses phosphocreatine synthesis

  • found in blood = tissue damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name some other types of phosphate energy stores

what can one be converted to ?

A

- GTP: readily converted to ATP with nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK)

- UTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the proton motive force?

A
  • (proton-motive force. energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work)*
  • making a gradient to keep out of equilibrium.
  • get an electrochemical gradient (gradient of BOTH electrical potential and chemical concentration across a membrane)
  • transfer of H+ via proton pumps across membrane: get a proton electrochemical gradient of proteins: proton motive force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the term coupling used to describe with regards to proton motive force?

A

coupling: used to describe proton motive force’s role in ATP generation
(basically: electrochemical conc. gradoent of protons across a membrane can make ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which are the energy convesion pathways that occur in cellular resp?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • where does glycolysis occur?
  • what is high level overview of reaction?
    a) what produced in aerobic
    b) what produced in anaerobic conditions?
A

glycolysis

location: cytoplasm

conditons: with / without oxygen

high level overview of reaction:

glucose (6C) –> 2 molecules pyruvate (3C). uses 2ATP in reaction. BUT produces 4 ATPs overall. also produces 2 NADH2+ molecules.

THEN:

  • if in aerobic conditions: pyruvate used to generate Acetyl CoA for citric cycle
  • if in anaerobic conditions: pyruvate used to generate Acetyl CoA for lactic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

regarding glycolysis, ATP is generated by what?

A

ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation (transfer of phosphate group from triose sugar to ADP)

17
Q

where does krebs / citric acid cycle occur?

what is used as in input? what are the main outputs of the cycle - used subsequently for?

A

location: matrix of mitochondria

  • Acetyl-CoA (from glycolysis) used, extracts electrons for use in electron transport
  • Electrons given off are harnessed by electron carrier molecules
  • produces: Co2, 3NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP. feeds into oxidative phosphorylation pathway
  • role in producing energy even in cells performing fermentation
18
Q

which is the only part of cellular respiration pathway that uses atmospheric oxygen?

A

electron transport

19
Q

where does electron transport occur?

describe it:)

A
  • location: mitochondrial membrane
  • 4 protein complexes (I to IV): electrons are passed from one complex to next, causes electrons to be released
  • as electrons are released to acceptors (e.g. O2) from donors (e.g. NADH), H ions pumped out of the matrix into intramembrane space

- Proton motive force established and electrons flow down electrochem gradient through ATP synthase channel

(need to know more details?)

20
Q

describe the how the different protein complexes work in electron transport

A

:)

21
Q

why / how is cyanide a poison?

A
  • binds to cyctochrome c oxidase (4th complex in ECT)
  • cyanide attaches to iorn within protein complex and inhibits activity of the complex system
  • ECT can’t pump H+ into intermembrane space = pH of intermembrane space increases -> pH gradient decreases.
  • ATP synthesis stops
22
Q

describe the structure of two motors in ATP synthase

what are they used for?

A

function: converting ion gradients to ATP

in ATP synthase:

  • 2 motors - one electrical, one chemical
  • one motor location: membrane - powered by flow of protons
  • one motor location: intermembrane space: powered by ATP

WHEN ONE TURNS, CAUSES THE OTHER TO TURN

23
Q

where else can you find a proton pump?

what used for and why?

A

location: membrane of lysosome organelle (also found in GA)

what? uses ATP to pump H+ - proton motive force

why? drops pH of lysosome to around 5. -> optimal Ph for acid hydrolases to digest biological molecules

24
Q

why does having low pH of acid hydrolases of lysosome protect cell?

A

if lysosome membrane broke down -> acid hydrolases would be inactive bc cytosol has neutral pH

25
Q

How does Na / K pump work?

A

Primary Active Transport:

  • pump requires ATP -> ADP
  • 3 Na+ OUT
  • 2 K+ IN

BOTH ARE TRANSPORTED AGAISNT A GRADIENT

26
Q

remember to revise secondary active transport of glucosE!

A
27
Q

what do muscle cells contain?

what are they composed of?

A
  • muscle cells contain tubular myofibrils

- myofibrils: composed of repeating sarcomeres (light / dark on microscope)

  • sarcomeres: composed of actin and myosin - slide past each other when muscles contract / relax
28
Q

how does muscle contraction work with ATP?

A
  • myosin has two heads: one binds to ATP, one binds to actin.
  • when ATP binds to myosin. ATP is hydrolysed as a result.
  • change in 3D shape of myosin.
  • changes the position between actin and myosin filaments
  • = muscle contracts
  • (eventually get actin displacement and myosin changes shape again)
29
Q

how is energy used in heat?

A

- thermogenin (uncoupling protein): found in the mitochondria of Brown adipose tissue

  • allows passage of protons back into mt matrix
  • generates HEAT
  • do not have enzyme activity to catalyse production of ATP - so H+ move down energy gradient without using this energy for synthesis of ATP

= NON SHIVERING HEAT PRODUCTION

30
Q

how do ATP synthase and uncoupling protein / thermogenin

A
  • ATP synthase and thermogenin / uncoupling protein work in parrallel
  • both in mitochondria membrane

- uncoupling protein generates HEAT

  • ATP synthase generates ATP
  • last step in ox. phosphorylation
31
Q

what are B vitamins?

A

B vitamins: water-soluble vitamins. important for cell metabolism

8 exist -> together = Vitamin B complex

32
Q

what is name of vitamin b1, b2 and b3? genereal use?

A

vitamin B1: thiamine - used for release of energy in carbs

vitamin B2: ribflavin: release of energy in ECT. catabolism of fatty acids

vitamin B3: niacin: coenzyme forms: NAD, NADP. used for energy transer reactions in metabolism of glucose, fat and alchohol.

33
Q

name and use of vitamin b5, 6 7?

A

vitamin B5: pantothenic: oxidation of fatty acids and carbs

vitamin B6: pyridoxine / oxal/ oxamine: a.a. metabolism - makes neurotransmitters

vitamin B7: biotin: metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbs

34
Q

name and use for vitamin B9 and B12?

A

vitamin B9: folate: metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. pyrmidine synthenesis (during pregnancy). alsofor erythopoeisis

vitamin B12: cobalamin: cellular met. of carbs, proteins and lipids

35
Q

What are 4 general uses of biological energy?

A
  • anabolism
  • transport (primary / secondary AT)
  • motility
  • heat
36
Q

what is a source of biological energy?

A

catabolism (breakdown of molecules)

37
Q

what are three stores of biological energy?

A

ATP

Phosphate

PMF

FunMed Week 5 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions