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Radiation Therapy Physics 2 > Biological Effects > Flashcards

Biological Effects Flashcards

1
Q

4 phases of cell cycle:

A

M, G1, S, G2

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2
Q

Cell phase(s) where there is a gap in cell growth

A

G1, G2

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3
Q

Cell phase where there is DNA synthesis and the molecule is replicated to two molecules

A

S

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4
Q

4 phases in M phase:

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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5
Q

Phase in M phase where DNA swells, takes structural form

A

Prophase

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6
Q

Phase in M phase where Chromosomes appear and line up

A

Metaphase

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7
Q

Phase in M phase where Chromosomes split

A

Anaphase

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8
Q

Phase in M phase where Chromosomes become mass of DNA

A

Telosphase

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9
Q

In ___ a second division without duplication of chromosomes occurs

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

2 categories of human sensitivity to radiation:

A
  1. organ sensitivity
  2. cellular radiosensitivity
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11
Q

Cellular radiosensitivity depends on 2 things:

A
  1. rate of proliferation (how quickly the cells mature)
  2. state of development of the cells (how differentiated or undifferentiated they are)
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12
Q

Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, intestinal crypt cells are ___ radiosensitive

A

highly

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13
Q

Endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, fibroblasts have ___ radiosensitive

A

Intermediate

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14
Q

Muscle cells, nerve cells have ___ radiosensitivity

A

low (radioresistant)

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15
Q

Tissues with high radiosensitivity require __ - __ Gy to cause change in cells.

A

2-10

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16
Q

Tissues with intermediate radiosensitivity require __ - __ Gy to cause change in cells.

A

10-50

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17
Q

Tissues with low radiosensitivity require > __ Gy to cause change in cells.

A

50

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18
Q

Lymphoid, bone marrow, and gonads are ___ radiosensitive

A

highly

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19
Q

Skin, GI tract, cornea, growing bone, kidney, liver, and thyroid have ___ radiosensitivity

A

intermediate

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20
Q

Muscle, brain, and spinal cord have ___ radiosensitivity

A

low

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21
Q

Law of B andT says: Radiosensitivity of cells is ___ proportional to their reproductive activity and ___ proportional to their degree of differentiation (specialization)

A

directly, inversely

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22
Q

Less specialized cells and cells with high metabolic rate are ___ sensitive to radiation

A

more

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23
Q

LET

A

linear energy transfer

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24
Q

rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to tissue

A

LET

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25
Q

RBE

A

Radiobiological Effectiveness

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26
Q

As LET increases, RBE ___

A

increases

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27
Q

the higher the RBE, the ___ the radiosensitivity

A

higher

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28
Q

dose delivered over a period of time

A

Protraction

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29
Q

dose delivered in discrete fractions

A

Fractionation

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30
Q

OER

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

31
Q

oxygenated (oxygen present)

32
Q

OER (oxygen enhancement ratio) has more effect with ___ LET (linear energy transfer).

33
Q

Age sensitivity to radiation: 3 most sensitive age groups

A
  1. Unborn
  2. Very young (kids)
  3. Elderly
34
Q

Recovery is ___ and ____

A

repair, repopulation

35
Q

Interphase death means cells die before ___

A

replicating

36
Q

Chemo given 1 hour before RT is an example of a ___, which ___ the effect of RT.

A

Radiosensitizer, enhances

37
Q

___ mitigate the effect of RT, but doses are too toxic to use in RT.

A

radioprotector

38
Q

Molecular Radiobiology: when radiation makes a cut in the chain

A

Main-Chain Scission

39
Q

Molecular Radiobiology: when radiation causes two parts to join or link together at a point where they shouldn’t

A

Cross-Linking

40
Q

Molecular Radiobiology: when radiation damages information at only the point that it hits

A

Point Lesion

41
Q

2 types of main-chain scission:

A
  1. one side rail severed
  2. both side rails severed
42
Q

4 radiation effects on DNA:

A
  1. cell death
  2. abnormal replication
  3. genetic abnormalities
  4. repair
43
Q

Radiolysis of water (in Radiobilogy): Water ___ or __ an electron. Ion pairs recombine and form ___.

A

gains, loses, free radicals

44
Q

Uncharged molecule with unpaired ____ can combine to create ___, which is __ to cells.

A

valence electron, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), toxic

45
Q

Damage due directly to radiation (DNA damage), where effect is seen at cellular level

A

Direct effect

46
Q

Ionizing event creates molecule which damages another cell (Free radicals) and the primary effect is seen at the whole body level.

A

Indirect effect

47
Q

___ effect usually occurs shortly after exposure and is associated with higher doses of radiation

A

deterministic

48
Q

___ effect usually occurs very long after exposure and is associated with lower doses of radiation

A

stochastic

49
Q

Dose response relationships have been determined using 3 ways:

A
  1. experiments
  2. accidental exposures
  3. natural exposures (background radiation in the environment i.e. Denver)
50
Q

Horemesis dose response (theory/graph) says what about low doses of radiation?

A

it is good

51
Q

favorable biological response to low exposure to that which would be toxic or harmful at large exposures

52
Q

____ theory is used. It is considered conservative. It is not validated at ___ doses, meaning we don’t actually have any data.

A

linear non-threshold, low

53
Q

In atomic bomb survivors, no observed increase in cancer for exposures less than ___ mSv

54
Q

French Academy of Sciences (2005) says there is no evidence of validity of NLT model to estimate carcinogenic risks at doses less than ___ mSv

55
Q

Spontaneous Mutations: natural background mutation rate ___ typical radiation background mutation rate by 10^6

56
Q

No biological basis for LN-T. In fact, biology suggests a ___ to low doses of radiation

57
Q
  • Radiation effects are ___ at large exposures in short time frame
  • Small exposures, longer time effects are ___
A

known, less well known

58
Q
59
Q
60
Q
61
Q
62
Q

Identify where both mitosis and meiosis are occuring.

63
Q

Identify each type of DNA damage:

A

A: Main-Chain Scission

B: Cross-Linking

C: Point Lesion

64
Q

Identify each type of DNA damage:

A

A: Main-chain scission - one side rail severed

B: Main-chain scission - both siderails severed

65
Q

Identify each type of DNA damage:

A

C: Main-chain scission followed by cross-linking

D: Rung breakage – separation of bases

66
Q

Identify the following chromosomes as normal or damaged, if damage what type of damage?

A

A: normal

B: terminal deletion

C: dicentric formation

D: ring formation

67
Q

4 types of cells that are highly sensitive ot radiation:

A

Lymphocytes

spermatogonia

erythroblasts

intestinal crypt

68
Q

4 types of cells that have intermediate radiosensitivity

A

Endothelial cells

osteoblasts

spermatids

fibroblasts

69
Q

___ cells and ___ cells have low radiosensitivity

A

Muscle, nerve

70
Q

3 organs with high radiosensitivity:

A

Lymphoid

bone marrow

gonads

71
Q

7 organs with intermediate radiosensitivity:

A

Skin

GI tract

cornea

growing bone

kidney

liver

thyroid

72
Q

3 organs that have low radiosensitivity:

A

Muscle

brain

spinal cord

73
Q

Water gains or loses an electron. Ion pairs recombine and form free radical.

A

Radiolysis of water (in Radiobilogy):

Radiation Therapy Physics 2 (9 decks)

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