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Exercise Physiology > Biological Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Biological Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms

What happens if there is a change in our environment?

A
  • Pain
  • Discomfort
  • disease/sickness
  • damage injury
  • death
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2
Q

What percentage of the human body is water?

A

60%

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3
Q

What are the two types of fluid that make up the water in the human body?

think cells
think fluid

A

Extra Cellular and Intracellular Fluid

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4
Q

What percentage + litres of water is made up of extra cellular fluid?

A

35%= 14litres

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5
Q

think salt and sweat

How is the volume of extracellular fluid determined?

A

The volume of extracellular fluid is determined by:

The BALANCE of sodium intake + renal excretion of sodium

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6
Q

fluid. two types.

What is the environment that all cells live in within the body?

A

All cells live in the extracellular fluid (ECF) environment.

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7
Q

What factor primarily influences changes in extracellular fluid volume under NORMAL conditions?

A

Variations in salt (sodium) intake

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8
Q

Explain the relationship between salt intake and renal salt excretion in maintaining Extracellular Fluid volume

A

Under NORMAL conditions:

An increase in salt intake leads to an increase in renal salt excretion, maintaining the ECF volume within NARROW limits.

A decrease in salt intake leads to a reduction in renal excretion to maintain balance.

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9
Q

Why is it important for the body to maintain the ECF volume within NARROW limits?

A

Crucial for ensuring homeostasis, as it affects the fluid balance, blood pressure, and overall functioning of cells and tissues.

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10
Q

What role does the kidney play in regulating the ECF volume when there is an INCREASE in salt intake?

A

kidneys excrete more sodium through urine, helping to prevent excessive accumulation of fluid and maintain ECF volume

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11
Q

What happens to ECF volume when renal excretion of sodium is reduced, assuming salt intake remains constant?

A

ECF volume will increase, potentially leading to fluid retention and associated issues like high blood pressure.

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12
Q

What separates the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

The cell membrane, which is semipermeable

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13
Q

What are the main components of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

there are 3 answers

A
  • Water
  • Electrolytes
  • Proteins
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14
Q

P-P-M

List the most common electrolytes found within the intracellular fluid (ICF).

there are 3 answers

A
  • Potassium
  • Phosphate
  • Magnesium
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15
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane in relation to the movement of substances between the ICF and ECF?

The cell membrane is semi-permeable

A

The semipermeable cell membrane controls the movement of substances between the ICF and ECF allowing selective passage of certain ions and water to maintain balance

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16
Q

ossy osbourne

Why is the concentration of electrolytes important for maintaining water balance within the cell?

A

The concentration of electrolytes influences osmotic pressure - regulates the movement of water into and out of the cell - helping to maintain proper cell volume and function.

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17
Q

How does the concentration of electrolytes in the intracellular fluid affect water volume?

A

Changes in electrolyte concentration can alter osmotic gradients = water to move into or out of the cell= affecting the volume of water within the cell.

18
Q

ossy osbourne

What is an example of a homeostatic mechanism involving the concentration of electrolytes and water volume?

A

osmosis

where the body regulates the concentration of electrolytes to maintain proper water balance within cells, ensuring stable cell function and volume.

19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment

individual ‘set’ points change day to day

20
Q

Which syststem IS NOT involved in homeostasis?

A

reproductive system

21
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

consisting primarily of the skin

also:
* hair, nails, glands (e.g., sweat and oil glands)
* sensory receptors

22
Q

4 points

How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • PROTECTS body by acting as barrier from external threats such as pathogens, UV radiation, chemicals, and physical injuries.
  • REGULATES body temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation or constriction
  • EXCRETION of waste products like salt, water, and urea.
  • KEY SENSOR of external stimuli
23
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • ALLOWS MOVEMENT through skeletal muscles, smooth muscles in blood vessels help regulate blood flow and blood pressure by vasoconstriction or vasodilation and cardiac muscles pump blood to deliver oxygen and remove waste products.
  • HEAT GENERATION through muscle contractions essential for maintaining body temperature. E.g. shivering (involuntary muscle contractions) to generate heat and maintain a stable core temperature.
  • RESPIRATION through skeletal muscles, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, are essential for breathing= adequate oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal crucial for maintaining the body’s pH balance.
24
Q

What are the two major control systems of homeostasis?

A

Nervous and Endocrine system

25
Q

How does the nervous system control homesostasis?

A
  • uses electrical impulses to coordinate responses and control other systems in the body
  • Fast/immediate response
26
Q

3 points

How does the endocrine system control homeostasis?

A
  • Uses hormones to coordinate responses and control other systems
  • Regulates metabolism
  • Has a slower response
27
Q

3 key points

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones
  • Regulate pH through removing waste products which make blood acidic. This is done by increasing heart rate
  • Regulates temperature
28
Q

2 key points

How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • GAS EXCHANGE = supplies oxygen to the blood + removes carbon dioxide, maintaining proper levels for cellular function.
  • pH REGULATION = adjusting carbon dioxide levels, preventing acidosis or alkalosis.
29
Q

think cells, minerals and armour

How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?

3 points

A
  • Protecting and supporting other organs and systems
  • Producing blood cells (e.g., red blood cells)
  • Maintaining mineral homeostasis- mineral overload= bones can absorb that excess and vice-versa
30
Q

2 points

How does the digestive system contrbute to homeostasis?

A

Transferring nutrients
Produces vitamins

31
Q

What vitamins does the digestive system produce to aid homeostasis?

A

Potassium and biotin

32
Q

Which system helps homeostasis through the maintenance of blood and tissue fluid
balance?

A

lymphatic system

the network of vessels and organs

33
Q

How does the urinary system help homeostasis in the body?

A
  • Eliminates waste products
  • Maintains blood pH, volume,
    pressure, osmolarity and
    composition
34
Q

What are the 3 components of feedback loops?

A

Receptor
Control Centre
Effector

35
Q

What are the 3 steps to a negative feedback loop?

controls mostly bodily systems

A

1) Receptors pick up deviation from the set point
2) The coordinating mechanism analyses the input
from the receptors and controls the response of theeffector
3) The effector produces a response to return the
variable to the set point. Examples:
* Blood glucose
* Blood pressure
* Thermoregulation

36
Q

blood pressure, thermoregulation or blood glucose

Provide and example of a negative feedback loop

add steps

A
37
Q

Which feedback loop is non-homesostatic and physiologically rare?

A

positive feedback loop

positive because the response is in the same direction as the stimulus

38
Q

baby

Provide an example of a positive feedback loop

A
39
Q

what is meant by gain of a system?

A

The precision or accuracy of a control system

40
Q

The (higher or lower?) the gain, the more efficient the system

A

higher

41
Q

Normal Blood Pressure (BP) = 100 mmHg

How do you calculate the gain of a system?

A

Normal Blood Pressure (BP) = 100 mmHg

  • Stimulus causes BP to increase to 175 mmHg
  • Baroreceptor mechanism brings BP back to 125 mmHg
  • Therefore, baroreceptor correction = 50 mmHg but BP still 25 mmHg above
    normal
  • So, gain = 50/25 = 2

Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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