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Biochemical Pharmacology > Biological Builing Blocks > Flashcards

Biological Builing Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of lactic acidosis

A

Hypoxia
Alcohol ingestion
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

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2
Q

Blood level of cholesterol or triglycerides, or both is elevated

A

Hyperlipidemias

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3
Q

Illness from defective synthesis of collagen due to reduced activity of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, which require ascorbic acid as a cofactor

A

Scurvy

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4
Q

Genes responsible for cancer

A

Oncogenes

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5
Q

Where are microfibrillins found?

A

Elastic fibers

Elastic-free bundles in the eye, kidney, and tendons

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6
Q

Carbohydrates are transported by:

A

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport by Na+ monosaccharide cotransporter system

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7
Q

elevated glucose level

A

Hyperglycemia

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8
Q

Conformation of _____

disordered and β-spiral, both loosely held by hydrophobic interactions

A

Elastin

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9
Q

Function of ______
Storage of genetic information (DNA)
Transfer of genetic information (DNA -> RNA -> protein)
Catalytic properties
Storage and transfer of chemical energies (ATP, GTP)
Structural Role
Second messengers in signal transduction (cAMP)

A

Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

Classification of lipids: Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
Fats (triglycerides), Waxes

A

Simple Lipids

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11
Q

Conditions where a protein is not stable enough to perform its normal function

A

Many cancers

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12
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) mutation

A

2 α and 2 γ subunits

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13
Q

Presence of glucose in urine

A

Glucosuria

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14
Q

low blood sugar; the liver is not able to maintain blood glucose levels

A

Hypoglycemia

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15
Q

Structure of collagen

A

3 extended α-helices form a right-handed triple helix

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16
Q
  • Abnormal protein usually produced in the bone marrow and deposited in tissues or organs
  • Long fibrillar protein assemblies: consists of β sheets which spontaneously aggregate
A

Amyloid

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17
Q

Conditions where a protein fails to fold completely

A

Cystic fibrosis, Marian syndrome

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18
Q

impairment of tissue function due to accumulation of insoluble aggregates of proteins (amyloids) in the interstitial spaces between cells

A

Amyloidoses

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19
Q

Classification of Lipids: esters of fatty acids, contain alcohol and one or more fatty acids, plus other groups
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

A

Complex Lipids

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20
Q 
Functions of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Provide a concentrated source of energy
Regulate body temperature
Protect vital organs 
Thermal and electrical insulators 
Transport fat soluble vitamins A D E K
Produce hormones, vitamins, and other secretions
Provide essential fatty acids
A

Lipids

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21
Q

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); associated with peripheral insulin resistance

A

Type 2 diabetes

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22
Q

Hemoglobin mutation where heme contains Fe3+ instead of Fe2+

A

Methemoglobinemias (HbM)

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23
Q

Most abundant protein in the body, 25% total protein, ~300kDa

A

Collagen

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24
Q

phosphoric acid residue, often nitrogen-containing bases (e.g., choline) and other substituents

A

Phospholipids

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25
Q

____ and _____ are glycoproteins found in elastic fibers and extracellular matrix, respectively

A

Fibrillins and fibronectins

26
Q

Degradation of elastin by elastase occurs in a ________, leading to emphysema, and in COPD

A

α1-AT deficiency

27
Q

Major causes of cancer

A

Radiation
Chemicals
Viruses

28
Q

Elastin is largely present in…

A

Lungs, walls of arterial blood vessels, elastic ligaments

29
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE): Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, “mad cow disease”

A

Prion disease

30
Q

Hemoglobin C disease (HbC) is caused by that mutation

A

Glu6 -> Lys in β-globin gene

31
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM); insulin-deficient form of diabetes; in children

A

Type 1 diabetes

32
Q

Drug to treat cancer that prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate; this inhibits the formation of thymine and purines for DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Methotrexate

33
Q 
Major functions of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
Provide energy
Store energy
Structural Function - component of macromolecules
Communication
Glycobiology
Glycome
A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in what

A

Glu6-> Val in β-globin gene

35
Q 
Collagen provides structural support in:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Skin, bone, tendon and cartilage
  2. Extra cellular matrix
  3. Vitreous humor of the eye
  4. Blood vessel walls
36
Q

In ______, infectious protein alters conformation of other proteins

A

Prion disease

37
Q

Large glycoproteins (~350kDa), major structural components of micro fibrils

A

Fibrillins

38
Q

Consists of 4 polypeptide chains

A

Hemoglobin

39
Q

a specific form of diabetes mellitus characterized by glucose intolerance first appearing during pregnancy

A

Gestational diabetes

40
Q

excess ketone production

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

41
Q

The 4 polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin

A

2 α and 2 β, each with 1 molecule of heme

42
Q

Genetic defect on X chromosome, may lead to hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

43
Q

entire complement of sugars of an organism, whether free or in more complex molecules.

A

Glycome

44
Q

Binding of what stimulates release of O2 from Hemoglobin?

A

H+ to HbA

45
Q

The heme Fe interacts with what?

A

Histamine (His)

46
Q

Structure of _____

MW -70kDa, rich in Pro and Lys, but little Hyp or Hal

A

Elastin

47
Q

study of the roles of sugars in health and disease

A

Glycobiology

48
Q

What causes alzheimers?

A

Beta amyloid plaque

49
Q

Function of _____

Binds O2 with positive cooperatively (bind of one subunit increases affinity for bind of other three)

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

contain a fatty acid, sphingosine, and a carbohydrate

A

Glycolipids

51
Q

major glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix (ECM), also in soluble form in plasma

A

Fibronectin

52
Q

high level of lactate in the blood

A

Lactic acidosis

53
Q

formed from the hydrolysis of both simple and complex lipids

A

Derived lipids

54
Q

A connective tissue protein, rubber-like properties

A

Elastin

55
Q

I balance in the synthesis of glob in chains

A

Thalassemias

56
Q

mutations in α or β chains, where active site His Tyr: stabilization →of Fe3+ form

A

mutation that causes HbM

57
Q

high level of free fatty acids and VLDL

A

Hyperlipidemia

58
Q

Formation of lipid-rich plaques in arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

59
Q

May occur spontaneously,
May be caused by a mutation in a particular gene
Change in protein conformation due to an abnormal proteolytic cleavage

A

Protein misfolding

60
Q

Disease which causes loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigar of the brain
Amyloid plaques present

A

Parkinson’s disease

Biochemical Pharmacology (5 decks)

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