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MCAT Psychology > Biological Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

neuron

A

Unit of nervous system

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2
Q

Soma

A

Central cell body contains nucleus and is where most of biosynthetic activity of cell take place

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3
Q

Slender projections include

A
  • 1 Long axon carry action potentials away the cell body

- Many dendrites receive signals

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4
Q

Bipolar

A

Neuron with one dendrite

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5
Q

Multipolar

A

Neuron with many dendrite

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6
Q

Synaptic knobs

A

Where axon branch and terminate to form connection with target cell

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7
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

A very small gap where chemical messengers are released and travel across to reach target cell, when action potentials travel down an axon and reach synaptic knob

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8
Q

Nerve

A

Large bundle of many different axons from different neurons

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9
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Electric potential across plasma membrane of -70mV

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10
Q

2 Primary membrane proteins establish the resting membrane potential

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase

- K leak channels

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11
Q

How resting membrane potential work

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pump 3 Na outgo the cell and 2 K into the cell with hydrolysis of 1 ATP -> High Na outside cell, high K inside cell
  • Leak channels always open to allow K flow out the cell. Few Na leak channel still in the cell
  • Result: Interior of cell more negative than exterior
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12
Q

Polarized

A

Negative inside, positive outside

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13
Q

How depolarization work?

A
  • Voltage-gated Na channels open by depolarization from -70mV to -50mV threshold potential
  • In threshold or higher, channel open fully. Below threshold (ex -60mV), channel close.
  • Channel open to let Na flow into cell and depolarize this membrane to +35mV before inactivating
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14
Q

How repolarization work?

A
  • Voltage-gated K channel slowly open than voltage-gated Na channels and stay longer
  • Close at -90mV by repolarization
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15
Q

myelin

A

Insulating sheath wrap axons of many neurons

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

A glial cell in conjunction with neuron (PNS) makes myelin and speed up conduction of action potentials along axon

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17
Q

What happen to axonal plasma membrane in myelin?

A
  • No membrane depolarization

- No voltage-gated Na and K channel

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18
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

Periodic gaps in myelin where voltage-gated Na and K channels are concentrated

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19
Q

What myelin do?

A

Speed the movement of action potentials by forcing them to jump from node to node

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20
Q

saltatory conduction

A

rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

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21
Q

Glial cell

A

Non-neuronal cell support structurally and metabolically to neuron

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cell in CNS has same function to Schwann cell

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cell in CNS guide neuronal development and regulate synaptic communication by regulation of neurotransmitter levels

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24
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cell in CNS remove dead cells and debris

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25
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell in CNS produce and circulate cerebrospinal

26
Q

Two phases of refractory period

A
  • Absolute refractory period

- Relative refractory period

27
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Voltage-gated Na channel inactivated after depolarization until membrane potential reach resting potential and Na channel close again

28
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • When repolarization occur, unclosed voltage-gated K channel makes a brief moment when membrane potential is more negative than resting potential
  • A great stimulus open voltage-gated Na channel to start resting potential
29
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon and dendrite, soma, or axon of 2nd neuron

30
Q

When electrical synapse occur?

A

Cytoplasms of 2 cells are joined by gap junction

31
Q

What happen at electrical synapse?

A

Action potential spread directly from one cell to other

32
Q

Where electrical synapse take place?

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

33
Q

Where chemical synapse take place?

A

The end of axon

34
Q

What happen at chemical synapse?

A

action potential convert into chemical signal

35
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

chemical synapse between neurons and skeletal muscle

36
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junction

37
Q

How ACh work?

A
  • ACh bind to its receptor at postsynaptic cell membrane
  • Receptor open Na channel to let Na flow down into cell and depolarize postsynaptic cell membrane
  • Meanwhile, ACh is degraded by acetycholinesterase (AChE)
38
Q

Which neurotransmitter hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane?

A
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
39
Q

temporal summation

A

when presynaptic neuron fires action potentials so rapidly that EPSPs and ISPSs pile up on each other

40
Q

What happen when it is excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ESPSs)?

A

the additive effect reach threshold depolarization to start postsynaptic action potential

41
Q

What happen when it is inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)?

A

postsynaptic cell hyperpolarize and move further from threshold

42
Q

efferent neuron vs afferent neuron

A

efferent: carry in4 away CNS
afferent: carry in4 to CNS

43
Q

Why sympathetic system is also called thoracolumbar system?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in thoracic (chest) and lumbar (lower back_ of spinal cord

44
Q

Why parasympathetic system is also called craniosacral system?

A

Its preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in head, cranium, or lower portion of spinal cord (sacral)

45
Q

Where are adrenal glands?

A

One above each kidney

46
Q

cortex

A

outer portion endocrine gland of adrenal

47
Q

What cortex do?

A

secret cortisol, aldosterone, and some sex hormone

48
Q

medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal

49
Q

How medulla work?

A
  • It is from sympathetic postganglionic neurons and then sympathetic preganglionic neurons supply cell
  • Adrenal gland is stimulated to release epinephrine aka adrenaline
50
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptor: touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion
  • Chemoreceptor: particular chemicals
  • Nociceptor: pain receptor
  • Thermoreceptor: stimulated by changes in temperature
  • Electromagnetic receptor: stimulated by electromagnetic waves
51
Q

4 Properties need to encode sensory stimuli

A
  • Modality: which type of receptor
  • Location: localize activate neighboring receptor
  • Intensity: frequency of action potentials
  • Duration
52
Q

proprioception

A
  • Different receptors
  • Golgi tendon organs: monitor tension in tendon
  • Joint capsule receptor: detect pressure, tension, and movement in joints
53
Q

What proprioception do?

A

Allow us to know the position of our body by monitoring the activity of musculoskeletal system

54
Q

Mechanism of hearing

A
  • Sound waves from external ear to pass into auditory canal and cause eardrum to vibrate
  • Malleus receive the vibration and pass it to incus then stapes
  • Bones in middle ear amplify the sound vibration
  • Vibration of oval window create waves in fluids of cochlea (perilymph and endolymph)
  • Pressure wave in endolymph cause vibration of basilar membrane in cochlea
  • Basilar membrane moving makes hair cells on it dragged across tectorial membrane and bend
  • Ion channels open in hair cells and release neurotransmitter
  • Neurotransmitter stimulate dendrites from bipolar auditory afferent neuron
  • Sound vibration convert to nerve impulses
55
Q

organ of Corti

A
  • Basilar membrane
  • Hair cell
  • Tectorial membrane
56
Q

Vestibular complex include

A
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Ampullae
57
Q

What vestibular complex do?

A

detect rotational acceleration

58
Q

What choroid do?

A

Dark-pigmented cells in it absorb excess light

59
Q

What retina do?

A

Light focus here

60
Q

What lens do?

A

Fine-tune the angle of incoming light

61
Q

What ciliary muscle do?

A

Vary the curvature of lens

MCAT Psychology (2 decks)

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