Biological beginnings

Question 0

evolutionary psychology

Answer 0

emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest in shaping BEHAVIOR. —->the ability to pass your genes to the next generation.

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce. —Darwin introduced the theory of evolution.

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA 23 pairs composed of DNA.

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

A complex molecule with double helix shape (like a spiral staircase); contains genetic information.

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

UNITS of hereditary information composed of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

Question 5

Genome (“All of me”)

Answer 5

The COMPLETE SET of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism.

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed. This occurs first in the process of creation of a human. Both halves contain the same DNA as the parent cell

Question 7

Meiosis

Answer 7

A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes). This is the 2nd step of the process. When this happens, it forms four cells.

Question 8

Fertilization

Answer 8

A stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

Question 9

Zygote

Answer 9

A single cell formed through fertilization. Each parent contributes half of the offspring’s genetic material.

Question 10

How does identical twins happen?

Answer 10

It happens from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person.

Question 11

Mutated gene

Answer 11

is a permanently altered segment of DNA. This occurs when their is a mistake by cellular machinery or damage from an environmental factor.

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

A person’s genetic heritage; the ACTUAL genetic material

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

The way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. They include physical characteristics (such as height and hair color) and psychological characteristics (such as personality and intelligence).

Question 14

Dominant-Recessive genes principle

Answer 14

Recessive gene is influential only if both genes are recessive. For example, bb. DOMINANT always wins, unless there is two recessive genes.

Question 15

Sex-linked genes

Answer 15

when a mutated gene is carried on the x chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance. Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males, because they have no “backup” copy to counter the harmful gene. Examples of X-linked inherited diseases: Hemophilia and fragile X syndrome

Question 16

Genetic imprinting

Answer 16

occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. —can cause a disturbance to development and can lead to cancer, growth disorder, etc.

Question 17

Polygenetic inheritance

Answer 17

occurs when most characteristics are determined by the INTERACTION of MANY different genes.

Question 18

Ultrasound sonography

Answer 18

A prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen.

Question 19

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Answer 19

is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed. This is done by a needle going through the woman’s belly button. It is used to detect genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 20

Amniocentesis

Answer 20

is a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders. This test can done around the 14th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. The earilier it is performed, the more useful it is in deciding how to handle a pregnancy. On the other hand, it does bring a small risk of miscarriage.

Question 21

Nuchal translucency screening

Answer 21

this particular test uses ultrasound imaging to assess the risk of a fetus having down syndrome. Basically, it is when they accumulate fluid at the base of the neck, making the clear space look larger or thicker. You can do this test around 11-14 weeks.

Question 22

Maternal blood or triple screening

Answer 22

identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and down syndrome.

Question 23

When is it consider a woman is having infertility?

Answer 23

When the woman is inable to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.

Question 24

Adoption

Answer 24

is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

Question 25

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 25

the uniting of egg and sperm in vitro (in the lab). Subsequently the embryos are transferred into the uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed to begin. Usually, they put no more than 3 eggs in the uterus.

Question 26

Gamete intrafallopion transfer (GIFT)

Answer 26

sperm and ova are transferred to a woman’s fallopian tube. They are not fertilized in the lab before injected them.

Question 27

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Answer 27

while fertilization of the egg does happen outside of the body, the fertilized embryos are placed back into a woman’s fallopian tubes rather than her uterus, as in IVF.

Question 28

Behavior genetics

Answer 28

the field that seeks to discover the influence of behavior genetics on individual difference in human traits and development

Question 29

Shared environmental experiences

Answer 29

sibilings’ common experiences, such as their parents’ personalities and intellectual orientation, the family’s socioeconomic status, and the neighborhood in which they live.

Question 30

nonshared environmental experiences

Answer 30

the child’s own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibiling.

Question 31

epigenetic view

Answer 31

emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.

Question 32

gene X environment (G X E) interaction

Answer 32

the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.