Biological Beginnings

Question 1

is the evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce

Answer 1

Natural Selection

Question 2

promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

Answer 2

Adaptive behavior

Question 3

contemporary approach that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior

Answer 3

Evolutionary psychology

Question 4

every species must have a mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next

Answer 4

Genetic foundations

Question 5

threadlike structures that are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 5

chromosomes

Question 6

a molecule in the shape of a double helix which contains genetic information

Answer 6

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 7

units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life

Answer 7

Genes

Question 8

building blocks of cells as well as the relators that direct the body’s processes

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

the process of a cell division during which cellular material is duplicated and two new cells are performed

Answer 9

Mitosis

Question 10

the process of cellular division that divides sex cells and produces four new cells, each with 23 single chromosomes

Answer 10

Meiosis

Question 11

a stage in reproduction whereby a female gamete (ovum) fuses with a male gamete (sperm) to create a zygote

Answer 11

Fertilization

Question 12

a single cell formed when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm

Answer 12

Zygote

Question 13

a person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

Answer 13

Genotype

Question 14

the way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

Answer 14

Phenotype

Question 15

the range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting the importance of an environment’s restrictiveness or richness

Answer 15

Reaction range

Question 16

It occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father

Answer 16

Genetic imprinting

Question 17

is the genetic principle that many genes can interact to produce a particular characteristic.

Answer 17

Polygenic inheritance

Question 18

other term for Trisomy 21

Answer 18

Down Syndrome

Question 19

an extra X chromosomes causes physical variations

Answer 19

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 20

a variation in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disabilities, or short attention span

Answer 20

Fragile X syndrome

Question 21

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment

Answer 21

Turner syndrome

Question 22

An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height

Answer 22

XYY syndrome

Question 23

glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span

Answer 23

Cystic fibrosis

Question 24

body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

Answer 24

Diabetes

Question 25

delayed blood clotting causes internal and and external bleeding

Answer 25

Hemophilia

Question 26

Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

Answer 26

Huntington disease

Question 27

the most often performed invasive prenatal medical procedure, in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested to discover if fetus is suffering from any chromosomal or metabolic disorders

Answer 27

Amniocentesis

Question 28

is a prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the the pregnant woman's uterus

Answer 28

Ultrasonography

Question 29

is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed at some point between 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy to detect genetic variations

Answer 29

Chorionic villi sampling

Question 30

is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to identify pregnancies that have an elevated risk for spina bifida, down syndrome and other conditions

Answer 30

Maternal serum screening

Question 31

as an alternative to such procedures as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. mainly focuse on the isolation and examination of fetal cells sirculating in the mother's blood and analysis of sell-free fetal DNA in matenal plasma.

Answer 31

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

Question 32

is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits

Answer 32

Behavior genetics

Question 33

the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

Answer 33

Twin study

Question 34

A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents who provided a home, environment or more like their biological parents who contributed their heredity.

Answer 34

Adoption study

Question 35

correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child

Answer 35

passive genotype-environment correlations

Question 36

correlations that exist when the child's genotype elicits certain types of physical and social environment

Answer 36

Evocative genotype-environment correlations

Question 37

correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

Answer 37

active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlations

Question 38

children's common environmental experiences that are shared with their siblings, such as their parents personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's social class and the neighborhood in which they live

Answer 38

shared environmental experiences

Question 39

the view that development is the result of the ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

Answer 39

epigenetic view