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Biological Beginnings > Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Biological Beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

is the evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce

A

Natural Selection

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2
Q

promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

A

Adaptive behavior

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3
Q

contemporary approach that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior

A

Evolutionary psychology

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4
Q

every species must have a mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next

A

Genetic foundations

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5
Q

threadlike structures that are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

a molecule in the shape of a double helix which contains genetic information

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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7
Q

units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life

A

Genes

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8
Q

building blocks of cells as well as the relators that direct the body’s processes

A

Proteins

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9
Q

the process of a cell division during which cellular material is duplicated and two new cells are performed

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

the process of cellular division that divides sex cells and produces four new cells, each with 23 single chromosomes

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

a stage in reproduction whereby a female gamete (ovum) fuses with a male gamete (sperm) to create a zygote

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

a single cell formed when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm

A

Zygote

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13
Q

a person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

A

Genotype

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14
Q

the way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

A

Phenotype

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15
Q

the range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting the importance of an environment’s restrictiveness or richness

A

Reaction range

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16
Q

It occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father

A

Genetic imprinting

17
Q

is the genetic principle that many genes can interact to produce a particular characteristic.

A

Polygenic inheritance

18
Q

other term for Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

19
Q

an extra X chromosomes causes physical variations

A

Klinefelter syndrome

20
Q

a variation in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disabilities, or short attention span

A

Fragile X syndrome

21
Q

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment

A

Turner syndrome

22
Q

An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height

A

XYY syndrome

23
Q

glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span

A

Cystic fibrosis

24
Q

body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

A

Diabetes

25
Q

delayed blood clotting causes internal and and external bleeding

A

Hemophilia

26
Q

Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

A

Huntington disease

27
Q

the most often performed invasive prenatal medical procedure, in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested to discover if fetus is suffering from any chromosomal or metabolic disorders

A

Amniocentesis

28
Q

is a prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the the pregnant woman’s uterus

A

Ultrasonography

29
Q

is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed at some point between 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy to detect genetic variations

A

Chorionic villi sampling

30
Q

is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to identify pregnancies that have an elevated risk for spina bifida, down syndrome and other conditions

A

Maternal serum screening

31
Q

as an alternative to such procedures as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. mainly focuse on the isolation and examination of fetal cells sirculating in the mother’s blood and analysis of sell-free fetal DNA in matenal plasma.

A

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

32
Q

is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits

A

Behavior genetics

33
Q

the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

A

Twin study

34
Q

A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents who provided a home, environment or more like their biological parents who contributed their heredity.

A

Adoption study

35
Q

correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child

A

passive genotype-environment correlations

36
Q

correlations that exist when the child’s genotype elicits certain types of physical and social environment

A

Evocative genotype-environment correlations

37
Q

correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

A

active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlations

38
Q

children’s common environmental experiences that are shared with their siblings, such as their parents personalities and intellectual orientation, the family’s social class and the neighborhood in which they live

A

shared environmental experiences

39
Q

the view that development is the result of the ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

A

epigenetic view

Biological Beginnings (1 decks)

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