Biological and Environmental Influence on Development

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

the unique and complex blend of genes from both parents that determines our unique characteristics

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

the observable characteristics of your unique genetic make up

Question 3

Genome

Answer 3

complete set of genes in a cell or organism

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

basic unit of heredity

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

one or more alternative forms of a gene

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

2 different alleles of same gene, carriers of the gene disorder

Question 7

Homozygous

Answer 7

2 identical copes of the same gene

Question 8

Chromosome

Answer 8

a structure of genetic information found in the nucleus that contains genes

Question 9

Sex (gametes) cells

Answer 9

specific chromosomes that determines sex of organism (Male XY, Female XX)

Question 10

Somatic (body) cells

Answer 10

all other cells in the body (besides sex chromosomes)

Question 11

Autosome

Answer 11

genes located on chromosome pairs 1-22

Question 12

Sex chromosomes

Answer 12

X and Y chromosomes, sex specific

Question 13

Dominant

Answer 13

genes that are expressed when one copy is present

Question 14

Recessive

Answer 14

genes that are expressed when two copies are present

Question 15

Mitosis

Answer 15

cell replication, mother cell replicates into two daughter cells

Question 16

Meiosis

Answer 16

sex cells replication, genetic variation

meiosis 1 ends with diploid cells containing 46 chromosomes

meiosis 2 ends with 4 different types of cells; haploid cells containing 23 chromosomes

Question 17

Zygote

Answer 17

fertilized cell, 23 chromosomes from mother, 23 chromosomes from father, 46 chromosomes total

Question 18

How is the sex of a child determined?

Answer 18

if fertilized by an X sperm, female fetus will form

if fertilized by a Y sperm, male fetus will form

Question 19

Dizygotic (Fraternal)

Answer 19

occurs when released ova (egg) are fertilized individually by two different sperm; usually look different; genetically similar to siblings born separaretly

Question 20

Monozygotic (Identical)

Answer 20

occurs when the same ovum is fertilized by one sperm, but splits during the fertilization process; looks the same; share the same exact genotype

Question 21

Mendelian (simple) inheritance

Answer 21

inheritance of traits controlled by a single gene with two alleles; dominant and recessive

Question 22

Patterns of Inheritance

Answer 22

autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked (dominant and recessive)

Question 23

Punnet Squares

Answer 23

determines the possible gene outcomes from mother and father genes

Question 24

Dominant Genes

Answer 24

always expressed regardless of the gene they are paired with; homozygous or heterozygous (carriers)

Question 25

Recessive Genes

Answer 25

only expressed if paired with another recessive gene; homozygous only

Question 26

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Answer 26

located on non-sex genes (autosomal) and one requires one copy of the gene to display genetic condition

Question 27

Marfan Syndrome

Answer 27

disorder of connective tissue

symptoms: tall, thin body, extremities disproportionately long for trunk, heart problems, skin and eye problems

Question 28

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Answer 28

occurs in homozygous individuals only; affected individuals may or may not have an affected parent; offspring have 25% chance of having gene with 2 carrier parents

Question 29

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 29

disorder that causes buildup of thick, sticky mucus and affects the lungs and digestive system

symptoms: frequent lung infections, chronic cough, poor weight gain, bulky, greasy stools

Question 30

X-linked Dominant

Answer 30

dominant gene on X chromosomes; affected males produce all affected daughters, cannot pass to sons; if mom is affected, 50% chance to either son or daughter

Question 31

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 31

most common inherited cause of intellectual disability; affects males more severely

symptoms: large ears and head, ADHD, autism, language and learning delays

Question 32

X-linked Recessive

Answer 32

usually expressed only in males, females are carriers