Biologial Molecules

Question 0

What is the role of carbohydrates in the diet?

Answer 0

Energy storage and supply, as well as structure in some organisms

Question 1

Why do nutrients taken i help to maintain a body?

Answer 1

• They become part of the body (after being digested and rebuilt)
• They are used to provide energy used to drive metabolism

Question 2

What is the role of proteins in the body?

Answer 2

Structure, transport, enzymes, antibodies (and MOST hormones)

Question 3

What is the role of lipids in the body?

Answer 3

Membranes, energy supply, thermal insulin, protective layers/padding, electrical insulin in neurones ( SOME hormones).

Question 4

What are the roles of vitamins and minerals?

Answer 4

• Form parts of some larger molecules
• Take part in some metabolic reactions
• Some act as enzymes or coenzymes

Question 5

What are the roles of water in the body?

Answer 5

• Takes part in many reactions
• Support in plants
• Solvent/medium for most metabolic reactions
• Transport

Question 6

What is biochemistry?

Answer 6

The chemical reactions involving biological molecules. e.g. biochemistry is involved in measuring the enzymes in the blood of a patient who has had a heart attack.

Question 7

What is metabolism?

Answer 7

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions going on inside an organism. They may be catabolic or anabolic.

Question 8

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 8

A metabolic reaction that my be breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Question 9

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 9

Building smaller molecules into larger ones.

Question 10

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 10

The study of chemical reactions that include carbon.

Question 11

Explain how and why carbon atoms form strong covalent bonds.

Answer 11

Carbon atoms have 4 outer electrons. They can gain stability by sharing their outer electrons with 4 others, this creates a strong bond between the the two atoms, creating a molecule.

Question 12

How do carbon atoms bond?

Answer 12

• Create a covalent bond by sharing outer electrons

- Form two bonds with the carbon atom

Question 13

What is a monomer?

Answer 13

A single, small molecule. Many can be joined together to make a polymer.

Question 14

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 14

A chemical reaction that links biological monomers together. A where molecule is released, a new covalent bond is formed. A larger molecule is formed when by bonding two smaller molecules.

Question 15

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 15

A chemical reaction that splits larger molecules into monomers. A water molecule is used, a covalent bond is broken, smaller molecules are made from slitting larger molecules.

Question 16

What are hydrogen bonds, and how are they formed?

Answer 16

They form when a slightly negativley charged part of a molecule comes close to a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom. These bonds are not strong, and are often described as interactions, but in some polymers form, many hydrogen bonds are formed to stabalise the structure.

Question 17

What elements do carbohydrates include?

Answer 17

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. For every carbon present there a water molecule present.

Question 18

What are monosaccharides and their properties?

Answer 18

They are the simplest form of carbohydrates, and they have a similar properties; they are al soluble in water, are sweet tasting and form crystals.

Question 19

How are monosaccharides grouped?

Answer 19

According to the umber of carbon atoms they have (e.g. 3-carbon monosaccharides - triose sugars, 5-carbon - pentose, 6-carbon -hexose)

Question 20

Give some examples of hexose sugars (and give their chemical makeup)

Answer 20

Glucose, fructose, C6H12O6 (little numbers)

Question 21

What are the different forms of Glucose?

Answer 21

Chain, Ring (Beta or alpha glucose)

Question 22

What are the differences in the structure of alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 22

A alpha
B below
B beta
A above

The OH is at C1 is below the plane with alpha, but below the plane with beta.

Question 23

How are monosaccharides bonded and split?

Answer 23

A condensation reaction forms a glycosidic bond and created a disaccharide molecule. Water is eliminated.

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a glycosidic bond, splitting a disaccharide into a monosaccharide. it uses a water molecule.

Question 24

How does glucose help with the production of ATP and how does the body do this?

Answer 24

Glucose contains many bonds that an be broken into smaller molecules, (E.g. carbon dioxide and water) that can be used in respiration to make energy which can be used to make ATP. The breaking down of glucose into these substances takes many steps, each one driven by an enzyme, so a living organism must have these enzymes to break down glucose. We do not have the enzymes to break down Beta glucose because of its different shape.

Question 25

Describe the structure of amylose.

Answer 25

The disaccharide of maltose is created by two alpha glucose molecules, so they can be joined together to make amylose. This coils into a spring because of the shape of the glucose molecules and how the glycosidic bonds are formed and this makes it quite compact.

Question 26

pg 95

Answer 26

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