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PATH 300 Clinical Chemistry > Biolochemical Tests > Flashcards

Biolochemical Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Fasting serum gastrin: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • How much gastrin is in serum?
  • purpose of fasting is because presence of food stimulates G-cells to produce gastrin, so it is to remove this stimulant
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2
Q

d-xylose: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • how well are monosaccharides absorbed?
  • if all goes well, xylose should be absorbed
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3
Q

Fecal fat: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • how well is fat absorbed? How much fat is in stool?
  • If all goes well, should be within range
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4
Q

lactose intolerance test: ques it answers

A
  • how much lactose is present in the GI lumen
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5
Q

secretin simulation test: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • how do G-cells react to secretin?
  • Secretin inhibits G-cells to produce gastrin, therefore we’d expect to see a decrease in G-cell function
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6
Q

serum carotene: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • how well are fats absorbed?
  • carotene is absorbed into the body in association with fats
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7
Q

H. pylori: ques it answers

A

Is there H. pylori present?

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8
Q

tissue transglutaminase antibody test: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • is celiac disease antibody present
  • positive = 98% chance it’s celiac disease
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9
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): ques it answers, explanation

A
  • is inflammation present?
  • if inflammation is present, ESR would increase because proteins will be produced that bind to RBC and cause it to accumulate at bottom of test tube faster
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10
Q

C-reactive protein: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • is inflammation present?
  • CRP in serum increases when there’s inflammation
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11
Q

fecal calprotectin: ques it answers, explanation

A
  • is inflammation present in the intestines?
  • distinguishes btwn IBD and IBS (IBD > 40ug/g). calprotectin concentrations increase in presence of inflammation
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12
Q

Endoscopy (upper GI, colonoscopy): explanation

A
  • upper endoscopy = esophagus, stomach, small intestine
  • Colonoscopy = large intestine, colon, rectum
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13
Q

Describe liver urine tests

A
  1. high urobilinogen can be detected if abnormally high conc in blood
  2. bilirubin not normally high enough to be detected in urine
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14
Q

Describe the three liver blood tests

A
  1. Prothrombin Time (PT): a useful coagulation test that indicates liver fnc because hepatocytes make clotting factors. (> RR indicates not enough coagulation so either hepatocyte dmg or Vit K deficiency)
  2. International Normalized Ratio (INR): calculation based on PT. > RR indicates clotting too slowly (hepatocyte dmg)
  3. Serum albumin: hepatocytes make albumin and secrete it into blood. If < RR, indicates hepatocyte dmg.
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15
Q

What are the 5 liver enzyme tests?

A
  1. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST):
    - not very liver specific but made in high amts in liver
    - found in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
    - >RR in hepatitis, cirrhosis, OBD, and heart/muscle problems
  2. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT):
    - more liver-specific than AST
    - found in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
    - >RR in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and OBD
  3. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP):
    - found in cells lining biliary duct (but also in bone…)
    -&raquo_space;RR in OBD
    - >RR in hepatitis, cirrhosis
  4. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT):
    - indicates liver or renal problem
    - not specific for anyt type of liver disease, but elevated during cirrhosis
    -&raquo_space;>RR in OBD, can be used to confirm ALP is not positive for bone
  5. Serum cholesterol: >RR may indicate gallstone formation -> OBD
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16
Q

Urine volume (24 hrs): what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • amt of urine produced in a day. polyuria > RR; oliguria < RR
  • polyuria (v reabsorption, ^ filtration) or oliguria (v filtration or UT obstruction)
17
Q

Urine osmolality: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • concentration of solutes/water, tells us about water, ion, and solute balance
  • > RR indicates dehydration, decreased reabsorption, or diabetes (increased glucose)
18
Q

Dipstick analysis: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • looks at urine pH and presence of analytes: glucose, protein, RBC, ketones, leukocytes
  • e.g. proteinuria, hematuria
19
Q

Urine microscopy: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • visualize presence of RBC, crystals, fat, etc. in urine
  • e.g. lipiduria, ketonuria, glucosuria
20
Q

Serum albumin & total protein: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • conc of albumin and protein in blood
  • hypoalbuminemia and hypoprotenemia are a result of damaged nephrons allowing these to enter the filtrate (e.g. in nephrotic syndrome) aka abnormal filtration or liver decreased production
21
Q

serum pH: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • acidosis
  • can be due to decreased secretion of H+ or decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate
22
Q

Serum K+: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • [K+] in serum
  • hyperkalemia can be due to decreased secretion or abnormal filtration due to low GFR
23
Q

serum urea: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • looks for proper waste removal
  • > RR indicates liver producing more urea, decr secretion so stays in blood, decr filtration, so stays in blood or UT obstruction decr excretion.
  • < RR indicates liver producing less or low protein diet
24
Q

serum/plasma creatinine: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A

decreased filtration = increased creatinine

25
Q

CCR: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A
  • estimates GFR and how well glomeruli filter blood
  • calculates based on urine volume, urine [creatinine], serum/plasma [creatinine], and normalization factor of body SA
  • < RR indicates decr excretion, decr filtration, or UT obstruction
26
Q

eGFR: what it tests for, possible abnormal results

A

calculated based on blood test of creatinine, age, sex. Related to CCR

27
Q

What are the 12 GI biochemical tests

A
  1. d-xylose absorption
  2. fecal fat
  3. serum carotene
  4. lactose intolerance
  5. fasting gastrin serum
  6. secretin stimulation test
  7. endoscopy
  8. tTG-IgA test
  9. H. pylori test
  10. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  11. C-reactive protein (CRP)
  12. Fecal calprotectin
28
Q

What are the three types of liver tests?

A
  • urine
  • blood (PT, INR, serum albumin)
  • enyzme (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, serum cholesterol)
29
Q

What are the 11 renal biochemical tests

A
  1. urine volume (24 hrs)
  2. urine osmolality
  3. dipstick analysis
  4. urine microscopy
  5. serum urea
  6. serum albumin & total protein
  7. serum pH
  8. serum K+
  9. eGFR
  10. CCR
  11. serum/plasma creatinine

PATH 300 Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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