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BIOL225 & BIOL225L > BIOL225L Tissues > Flashcards

BIOL225L Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers surfaces and lines cavities; lacks own blood supply

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2
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple, stratified

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3
Q

What are the types of simple epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar

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4
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous

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5
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Provides structural and metabolic support

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6
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose

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9
Q

What are the types of supporting connective tissue?

A

Bone, hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What are the types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Human blood, amphibian blood

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11
Q

What type of cells is muscle tissue composed of?

A

Contractile cells

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12
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

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13
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated

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14
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated with intercalated discs

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15
Q

What is neural tissue?

A

Reception of stimuli and conduction of nerve impulses

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16
Q

What are the types of neural tissue?

A

Neurons

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17
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Single layer of flattened cells; designed for diffusion by maximizing surface area and minimizing distance

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18
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Capillaries, alveoli of lungs

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19
Q

Write out Fick’s Law and know how to manipulate it.

A

Q = DA (c1-c2)
———-
L

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20
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Single layer of cube-like cells, often secretory
  • cells need more space because they require organelles
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21
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining ducts and tubules of mucus glands, kidney nephrons

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22
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A
  • made of proteins; often seen as a thin, dark line around cells
  • anchors cells and separates epithelium from the underlying connective tissue
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23
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium ?

A

Single layer of rectangular cells designed for absorption and secretion

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24
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Small intestine lining, stomach lining

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25
Q

What are goblet cells?

A
  • Found between cells that make up the simple columnar epithelium
  • secrete mucin which dissolves in water to form mucus to protect the free surface of the tension
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26
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of cells that are in areas with abrasion

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27
Q

How do the cells in stratified squamous epithelium get their shape?

A
  • basal layer of cells (cuboidal in shape) undergo division and replace cells that are lost
  • as these cells get pushed to the surface by other cells producing beneath them, they become squamous
  • outer layer of cells may become keratinized
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28
Q

What is keratin?

A

A protein that replaces cytoplasm and cells become keratinized (hardens), making them resistant to abrasion and water diffusion

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29
Q

When might the outer layer of cells in the epithelium become keratinized?

A

When the epithelium is exposed to highly abrasive and dry conditions (ex. Skin)

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30
Q

When might the epithelium NOT become keratinized?

A

When the epithelium is more protected (ex. Esophagus)

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31
Q

What is areolar connective tissue?

A
  • Anchors skin, blood vessels, nerves and binds muscles together
  • includes fibroblasts and extracellular matrix
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32
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Cells that make up the extracellular matrix

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33
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Fibers and ground substance that is clear and jelly-like

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34
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A
  • broad, ribbon-like, lighter in color than thin elastic fibers
  • provide strength to the tissue
35
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A
  • thin, darker than collagen
  • provide elasticity to tissue
36
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A
  • Designed to store lipids
  • cushions and insulates the body
  • the nucleus is pushed to one side of the cell
37
Q

What is hyaline cartilage composed of?

A
  • composed of chondrocytes which secrete the extracellular matrix
38
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of in connective tissue?

A

Closely packed collagen fibers and a firm gel-like ground substance

39
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Nose, trachea, articulating bone surfaces

40
Q

What are lacunae?

A

The cavities occupied by cells
- chondrocytes in terms of hyaline cartilage

41
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Compact bone that runs the length bones

42
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals that carry oxygen and nutrients to and waste from osteocytes

43
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that form bone tissue

44
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell that forms when an osteoblast becomes trapped and embedded in its own extracellular matrix

45
Q

What does the central/haversian canal in bone contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves

46
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Rings in each osteon

47
Q

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

A

Spongy bone does not have osteons

48
Q

Are white blood cells or red blood cells larger in size?

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)

49
Q

What is the function of mammalian erythrocytes?

A

carry oxygen oxygen to body cells

50
Q

What types of animals have erythrocytes that lack nuclei?

A

Mammalian, birds

51
Q

What animal type have erythrocytes that have nuclei?

A

Amphibians

52
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A
  • A leukocyte that phagocytizes pathogens
53
Q

What is the structure of neutrophils?

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • granular cytoplasm
54
Q

What is the function of monocyte?

A
  • can transform into a macrophage (big eater) when it leaves the circulatory system
  • as a macrophage, it can phagocytize pathogens
55
Q

What is the structure of monocytes?

A
  • large in size
  • bilobed nucleus
56
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Involved with immune response

57
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes?

A
  • large nucleus
  • same size as an erythrocyte
58
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Release histamine

59
Q

What is histamine?

A

A chemical that causes capillaries to become leaky, allowing neutrophils and monocytes to squeeze out more easily to phagocytize pathogens

60
Q

What is the structure of basophils?

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • dark purple-stained granules that contain histamine
  • more grainy appearance relative to a neutrophil (darker graininess)
61
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A

Phagocytize or release cytotoxic enzymes from granules onto parasites coated with antibodies

62
Q

What is the structure of eosinophils?

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • red-stained granules
63
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

Long, spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus

64
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Blood vessels, digestive tracts, uterus

65
Q

Is smooth muscle controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

Involuntarily

66
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A
  • striations that are perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle fiber
  • multinucleate fibers
67
Q

Is skeletal muscle under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary

68
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A
  • striations perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle fiber
  • intercalated discs
  • branched
69
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A
  • Structures in cardiac muscle that connect one muscle fiber to another, allowing ions to flow from one cell to the next
  • permit simultaneous contraction of cardiac muscle fibers
70
Q

Is cardiac muscle controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

Involuntarily

71
Q

What is neural tissue mainly composed of?

A

Neurons, neuroglial cells

72
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A neuron and its associated muscle fibers

73
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

Cells that contain pigment that gives color to an organism, in this case a frog

74
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis in frog skin?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

75
Q

What structures make up the dermis of frog skin?

A

Chromatophores and a gland with a duct to the skin surface

76
Q

What is the name for the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels?

A

Simple squamous endothelium

77
Q

How does the structure of an artery compare to that of a vein?

A
  • arteries have thicker walls
  • usually retain this circular cross-sectional shape when being viewed on a tissue slide under a microscope
78
Q

What type of tissue makes up the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

79
Q

What type of tissue makes up the submucosa of the small intestine?

A

Moderately dense connective tissue

80
Q

What type of muscle makes up the muscle layers of the small intestine?

A

Smooth muscle

81
Q

What type of tissue makes up the serosa of the small intestine?

A

Areolar connective tissue covered by the mesothelium

82
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities and covers internal organs

83
Q

List the layers of tissues found in the small intestine in order from deepest to most superficial.

A

Mucosa —> submucosa —> muscle layers —> serosa

BIOL225 & BIOL225L (1 decks)

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