BIOL121

Question 1

Microbiology

Answer 1

The study of organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

An organisms that consists of one or more cells each of which has a nuclear and other well-developed intracellular compartments

Question 3

Bacteria

Answer 3

Type of biological cells that constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms

Question 4

Archea

Answer 4

Constitute a group which is between bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 5

Culture media

Answer 5

Nutrient solutions/solid media that provide all the elements required for growth

Question 6

Chemically defined media

Answer 6

The exact chemical composition is known

Question 7

Complex media

Answer 7

exact chemical composition not known made of digests of complex material such as milk protein, beef, soybeans, yeast etc

Question 8

Batch culutre

Answer 8

Culutre if grown in a ‘closed system’

Question 9

Viable cells

Answer 9

Cells that are alive but may not be culturable

Question 10

Culturable Bacteria

Answer 10

Can be grown on media (liquid/solid)

Question 11

Culturable count

Answer 11

Count cells that can form colonies on solid media or increase turbidity in liquid media

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

Require organic molecules made by other organisms

Question 13

Autotrophs

Answer 13

CO2 is principal carbon source

Question 14

Phototrophs

Answer 14

Use light as energy source (to produce ATP)

Question 15

Chemotrophs

Answer 15

Oxidise organic or inorganic compounds

Question 16

Psychrophiles

Answer 16

Grow best below 15’c, dont grow above 20’c, can grown below 0’c

Question 17

Mesophiles

Answer 17

Grow best between 20-40’c, many bacteria in the body are this

Question 18

Thermophiles

Answer 18

Grow best between 45-80’C, live in hot springs, compost heaps etc

Question 19

Hyperthermophiles

Answer 19

Grown best above 80’C, live in hot springs

Question 20

Acidophiles

Answer 20

Grow best in acidic habitats

Question 21

Alkaliphiles

Answer 21

Grow best in alkaline habitats

Question 22

Halophiles

Answer 22

Grow in habitats with high salt concentration - sodium chloride

Question 23

Facultative Aerobe

Answer 23

Not required but grows better with oxygen

Question 24

Host

Answer 24

Organisms which support growth of viruses, bacteria and parasites

Question 25

Pathogen

Answer 25

Organisms that causes disease, by impairing or interfering with the normal physiological activities of the host

Question 26

Pathogenicity

Answer 26

The ability to cause disease

Question 27

Virulence

Answer 27

The degree or intensity of pathogenicity (determines by toxicity and invasiveness)

Question 28

Infection

Answer 28

Bacteria persist in host without necessarily causing tissue damage

Question 29

Disease

Answer 29

Overt damage to the host, parts of body cannot fulfill their normal function

Question 30

Opportunistic Pathogens

Answer 30

Only cause serious diseasewhen host defences are impaired, eg when moving to a different environment and the body isn’t adapted to the new pathogens

Question 31

Primary Pathogens

Answer 31

Capable of causeing disease in absence of immune defects, need to cause disease to survive (animal-human or human-human interaction)

Question 32

Colonisation

Answer 32

Establishment of a stable population of bacteria in the host

Question 33

Cytotoxic cells

Answer 33

Kill cells infected with bacteria

Question 34

Antigenic Variation

Answer 34

Bacteria can switch between different types of surface structure

Question 35

Siderophores

Answer 35

Bind iron with high affinity

Question 36

Exotoxins

Answer 36

act on specfic targets

Question 37

Endotoxin

Answer 37

Bound to cell, action is indirect: activated many host systems that cause damage

Question 38

Tetanus toxin

Answer 38

A neurotoxin, interferes with synapse function

Question 39

Diphtheria toxin

Answer 39

Inhibits mammalian protein synthesis