Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1000 > BIOL midterm > Flashcards

BIOL midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and
has mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken
down to other substances by normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements
combined in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most components in living organisms are made up of at least 3 or 4
elements

A

Sugar = C, O, H
* Proteins = C, O, H, N, S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The number of elements necessary for life vary depending on the
organism

A

Humans need 25 elements
* Plants need 17 elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The big six

A

make
up 99% of the matter in us
O, C, H, N, P, Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other Important Elements

A

K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
* Used for nerve signaling and chemical reactions
Iron is needed by all forms of life
Iodine is only needed by vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The atom can be split into subatomic particles

A

Proton: A single positive electrical charge
* Electron: A single negative electrical charge
* Neutron: Electrically neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

The central core of an atom
* Electrons form a cloud of negative charge
around the nucleus
* Negatively charged electrons are held close
to the nucleus by their attraction to the
positively charged protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons
and neutrons in a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that have the same number of protons and behave
the same way chemically but have different numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

The nucleus is unstable causing it to decay
spontaneously, releasing particles and energy (radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine

A

Chemical Tags
* Chemicals that accumulate in certain areas of the body can be tagged with
radioactive isotopes. A special camera can then be used to detect that
accumulation
* Treatment
* Example: Iodine accumulates in the thyroid. Thyroid cancer can be targeted
by using radioactive iodine
* Imaging of areas of the body with high levels of metabolism
* Sugars or gases can be radioactively tagged to image areas of the body that
use the molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inert atoms

A

Atoms that have complete outer shells, don’t interact with other elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractions and interactions between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ionic bond

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms bound together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s measure of attraction for shared electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds:

A

Electrons are shared equally because the
two atoms have the same electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

When two atoms have
different electronegativity the electrons will
be pulled closer to the more electronegative
element

One atom will have a slightly negative charge
and the other atom will have a slightly
positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ion

A

An atom with an electrical charge due to the
gain or loss of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ionic Bond Formation

A

When an electron is transferred from one atom to
another we are actually transferring one unit of
negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Salt

A

Any ionic compound, many drugs manufactured as these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak bonds within and between
molecules, they occur between polar molecules, most often attracted to
oxygen and nitrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Breaking existing chemical bonds and forming
new ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Reactants

A

Starting materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Product

A

The material that results from the chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Balanced chemical equation

A

2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick
together due to hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Adhesion

A

The clinging of one substance to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Surface tension

A

The measure of how
difficult it is to stretch or break the
surface of a liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Thermal energy

A

Energy associated with the random movement of
atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy transferring from a warmer body of matter to a
cooler body of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Temperature

A

The measure of the intensity of heat. The average
speed of molecules in a body of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Temperature Moderation

A

Warm molecules move more quickly than cold
molecules
* Hydrogen bonds need to be broken to allow
molecules to move more quickly
* Heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds
* Water absorbs a large amount of heat to break its
bonds before temperature actually increases
* When water cools it releases a lot of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Evaporation

A

The change of a substance from liquid state to gas state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

When evaporation occurs, the liquid that
remains are, on average, cooler than it was before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Solid Water is Less Dense Than Liquid Water

A

Hydrogen bonds
* Hydrogen bonds are relatively
weak and unstable
* As water freezes the hydrogen
bonds are stabilized and each
molecule keeps the others “at arms
length”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Solution

A

A liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Aqueous solution

A

A solution in which water is the solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Water Dissolves Ionic Compounds

A

Water can dissolve any ionic compound
* Example: NaCl dissolved in H2O
* Positive H atoms are attracted to Cl- ions
* Negative O atoms are attracted to Na+ ions
* Water molecules will therefore surround and
separate every single ion in a grain of salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Water Dissolves Non-Ionic Compounds

A

Large molecules such as proteins can also be dissolved if they have
ionic or polar regions on their surfaces
Water will surround the compound and form hydrogen bonds with the polar
regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Acids and Bases

A

Some chemical compounds contribute H+ to a solution and others
take H+ out of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Acid

A

A substance that donates H+ to a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the amount of H+ in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

pH and Our Bodies

A

pH in most of our cells is close to 7.0
* pH of our blood is 7.4
* A human will die in minutes if the pH of the blood goes as low as 7.0 or as
high as 7.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Buffer

A

help us maintain a constant pH in our bodies

53
Q

Carbon

A

Almost all the molecules in a cell are
composed of carbon bound together and
bound to other elements
* These molecules form the structure of cells
and carry out the cellular functions

54
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon based molecules
* Usually contain hydrogen atoms bound to the
carbon atoms

55
Q

shape determines what?

A

The shape of a molecule usually determines its function

56
Q

Carbon skeleton

A

The chain of
carbon atoms
that forms the
backbone of an
organic molecule

57
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different
structural arrangements

58
Q

Hydrocarbons:

A

Molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen,
major component in fossil fuels

59
Q

Chemical group

A

Atoms that are attached to the
carbon skeleton, chemical groups affect the function

60
Q

Hydroxyl

A

Alcohols
OH

61
Q

Carbonyl

A

These can donate an H+ to a solution
making it acidic. These are called carboxylic acids

C=O

62
Q

Carboxyl

A

These can donate an H+ to a solution
making it acidic. These are called carboxylic acids
COOH

63
Q

Amino group

A

Pick up an H+ from solution to
become ionized and are called amines
NH2

64
Q

Phosphate

A

Often ionized because O atoms
are negative. These organic phosphates are
involved in energy transfers
OPO3^2

65
Q

Methyl group

A

Affects the expression of genes.
CH3

66
Q

Functional groups

A

Chemical groups that affect a
molecule’s function by participating in chemical
reactions

67
Q

Polar groups

A

Makes the molecules hydrophilic (water soluble)
* Important when a cell is composed mostly of water
* Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups

68
Q

Non-polar group

A

Makes the molecule hydrophobic (not water soluble)
* Methyl group
* Not reactive, not water soluble
* Affects shape of the molecule

69
Q

Classes of Molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

70
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large molecules
* Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

71
Q

Polymers

A

Small molecules joined together in chains
* Macromolecules are made of large polymers
* Long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks all strung
together in a chain

72
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers

73
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Removes a
molecule of water as two molecules
become bonded together

74
Q

Making Polymers

A

Monomers are linked together using
a dehydration reaction

75
Q

Breaking Polymers

A

Polymers are broken back into
monomers to be recycled by the cell

76
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The digestion of polymers
into monomers
* Opposite of a dehydration reaction

77
Q

Diversity of Polymers

A

All forms of life use the exact same ingredients
* Proteins are made from only 20 amino acids
* DNA is made from only 4 different monomers called nucleotides
* Arrangement of the monomers is the key to the diversity of polymers

78
Q

Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates

A

Sugars
* Can be small molecules, can be large molecules most carbohydrates are hydrophilic,

79
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, chemical formula is generally a
multiple of CH2O,Sugars typically contain a carbonyl
group and multiple hydroxyl groups

80
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, chemical formula is generally a
multiple of CH2O,sugars typically contain a carbonyl
group and multiple hydroxyl groups

81
Q

Monosaccharides Form Rings

A

Monosaccharides can have anywhere
from three to seven carbons atoms in
their carbon skeleton

82
Q

Sugars (carbohydrates)

A

Most sugar names end in ‘ose’
* Enzymes that break sugars apart end in ‘ase’,energy is released when they are broken down, the cell can
immediately use that energy for other processes

83
Q

Disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides linked together
using a dehydration reaction

84
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules
* Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together
* Function as storage molecules or structural compounds
Starch
* Glycogen
* Cellulose
* chitin

85
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide in plants, Used as a carbohydrate bank
* Plants can withdraw glucose units for energy and building materials

86
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose storage molecule in animals
* Highly branched
* Primarily stored in your liver and muscles cells
* Liver and muscle cells can hydrolyze glycogen to release glucose
molecules when needed

87
Q

Cellulose

A

Polymer of glucose
* Arranged in cable-like microfibrils (layers of strings)
* Most abundant organic compound on earth

Animals cannot break down cellulose

88
Q

Macromolecule #2 - Lipids

A

All are hydrophobic (they do not mix well with water), 3 important types of lipids
* Fats, phospholipids, steroids

89
Q

Fat

A

Large lipid consisting of two smaller molecules –
glycerol and fatty acids
* Fatty acid: Carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon
chain (usually 16 or 18 carbons long), 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule make a fat

90
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A hydrocarbon chain has
one or more double bond
Remain liquid at room temperature

91
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A hydrocarbon chain that has
only single bonds, solid at room temp

92
Q

Partially hydrogenated oils

A

Unsaturated fats that have been converted to
saturated fats

93
Q

Fat storage

A

Main function of fats is energy storage
* A gram of fat stores twice as much energy as a gram of carbohydrates
* Plants store most of their energy as carbohydrates
* Animals store their energy as fats

94
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major component of cell membranes
* Life could not exist without phospholipids
* Similar in structure to fats

Arrange themselves in a double
layered sheet
* Fatty acid tails in the middle
* Glycerol heads on the outside
* This is how membranes are
formed

95
Q

Steroids

A

Carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings
* Different steroids vary in the chemical groups attached to them

96
Q

Macromolecule #3 - Proteins

A

Protein: Polymer of small building blocks called amino acids
* Almost all functions in your body depend on proteins
* Structurally and functionally the most varied and elaborate molecules in living
organisms

97
Q

Transport molecules

A

Import and export nutrients and wastes from the
cells

98
Q

Defense proteins

A

Antibodies in the blood stream

99
Q

Signaling proteins

A

Coordinate your body’s activities

100
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Receive and transmit signals on the cell surface

101
Q

Contractile proteins

A

are in your muscles

102
Q

Structural proteins

A

Make up your tendons, ligaments and connective
tissue

103
Q

Storage proteins

A

Supply amino acids to developing embryos

104
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Structural proteins are often fibrous
* These make up hair, tendons and ligaments
* The shape of the protein makes the filament very strong

105
Q

Globular proteins

A

Most enzymes and many other proteins

106
Q

Protein Shape

A

Each protein has a specific, unique shape
* Proteins must recognize and bind to other molecules to function

107
Q

Denaturation

A

Process where a protein unravels and loses its shape
and therefore, its function, can be caused by heat

108
Q

Incorrect Folding

A

Often this causes diseases

109
Q

Prions

A

Infectious misshapen proteins associated with degenerative
brain diseases

110
Q

Amino Acids

A

The building blocks of proteins

111
Q

Peptide bond

A

Dehydration reaction forms between the carboxyl
group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other amino acid

112
Q

Dipeptide

A

Molecule (or peptide) made of two amino acids

113
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids

114
Q

Polypeptides are Not Complete Proteins

A

A polypeptide must be coiled and folded into its final shape to make a
protein

115
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

116
Q

Secondary structure

A

Segments of the polypeptide chain coil and fold
into regional patterns

117
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall 3D shape of the folded polypeptide

118
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Some proteins consist of more than one
polypeptide chain. The chains are each called a subunit. The subunits
interact with each other in the quaternary structure to form the
completed protein

119
Q

Gene

A

The unit of inheritance that determines the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide

120
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The nucleic acid that a gene is made of

121
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleic acid that assembles the polypeptide
according to the instructions in DNA

122
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomers that make up nucleic
acids

123
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Structure that contains nitrogen
and carbon

124
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA are

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), Guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

125
Q

Nitrogenous bases in RNA are

A

A, G, C, and uracil (U)

126
Q

Polynucleotide

A

Polymer built from nucleotide
monomers

127
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A

RNA consists of a single polynucleotide strand
* DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands that wind around
each other in a double helix

128
Q

Gene expression

A

The production of proteins using the instructions
found in DNA

129
Q

Transcription

A

A gene in DNA directs the synthesis of an RNA molecule

BIOL 1000 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions