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Biol 413 > Biol 413 Pre MT > Flashcards

Biol 413 Pre MT Flashcards

1
Q

Dispersal Hypothesis

A

Sea turtle example:
arrived recently
Some females strayed from natal beach and established nests on beach

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2
Q

Vicariance Hypothesis

A

Sea turtle example:
arrived a long time ago
turtles nested on beaches of adjacent slands - islands have been displaced by sea floor spreading

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3
Q

Time periods of biogeography

A

Exploration: 1700-1900
Integration: 1900 to 1960
Maturity: 1960 to present

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4
Q

Exploration

A

classified geographic regions based o biotas

recognized patterns in species diversity

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5
Q

Linnaeus

A

Father of binomial nomenclature and taxonomy
Believed in immutability of species
Taxa have centers of origin (ex. indo-west pacific is center of origin for marine fishes)

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6
Q

Geogrges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

A

1) Earth must be older than biblical claim
2) taxa changes through time therefore must have a relationship with geology and biological histories of earth
1st law of biogeography

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7
Q

1st law of biogeography

A

Environmentally similar but isolate regions have distinct species assemblages

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8
Q

Alexander von Humboldt

A

Extended 1st law to plants and terrestrial animals
“floristic belts” - promoted the idea that plant distribution is determined by climate
first to note south america fitting with west africa

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9
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Principles of Geology
Stratagraphic layers and fossils suggest earth is changed through time and gradually
Uniformitarianism

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10
Q

Uniformitariamism

A

basic natural laws and processes have always acted on the earth and understanding present geological processes is key to understanding the past

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11
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection is key factor in the origin of species

Dispersalist

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12
Q

Dispersalist

A

Rare long-distance dispersal events establish isolated populations that ten differentiate

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13
Q

Extentionist

A

land bridges (now submerged) facilitated the extension of distributions between land masses

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14
Q

Phillip Sclater

A

made connection between low dispersal ability and ability to construct biota from current composition

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15
Q

biogeographic line

A

a geographic boundary that animals
(or plants) tend not to cross. Some lines are more
permeable that others, some taxa less constrained.

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16
Q

6 biogeographic regions

A

Nearctica (North America and parts of Mexico)
Palearctica (Eurasia)
Neotropical (tropical central America and S. America)
Aethiopica (Africa)
Indica (Indian subcontinent)
Australiana (Australia)

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17
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

Described observations on distribution, diversity, extinctions, diversity, etc.
Refined sclater’s regions

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18
Q

Wallace’s Line

A

which separates fauna of southeast Asian origin from those of Australian origin.

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19
Q

Bergmann’s Rule (1847):

A

Body size tends to increase with increasing latitude

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20
Q

Allen’s Rule (1878):

A

Species at higher latitudes tend to have shorter, smaller limbs
than those at lower latitudes.

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21
Q

Jordan’s Rule (1881):

A

Fish species / populations at higher latitudes have more and
smaller vertebrae than those from lower latitudes

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22
Q

Evolutionary Synthesis

A

Classical Mendelian genetics, theoretical population genetics, systematics,
and taxonomy unified into a comprehensive body of theory of evolutionary
change – how factors such as genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection
could drive evolutionary change

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23
Q

4 key developments after 1960:

A

1) Acceptance of continental drift + plate tectonics
2) Phylogenetic systematics: the basic philosophy of reconstructing the
historical and evolutionary relationships among taxa
3)Ecological biogeography: contemporary interactions and species
relationships are important in the determination of species range limits.
4)Technological advances allow old hypotheses to be tested rigorously
and expand the spatial scale of biogeographic inference: Computers,
Satellites and remote sensing, Geophysics, Geographical Information
Systems (GIS), Molecular biology technology

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24
Q

Phylogeny:

A

the evolutionary relationships between an ancestor taxa

and all its known descendant taxa

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25
Phylogeography:
an approach to biogeography that studies the | geographic distributions of lineages within and among species
26
Changes in the crust are driven by two engines:
1) Energy stored in the earth's core dissipates through the mantle and the crust shaping the earth's crust 2) Energy from the sun strikes the earth's surface and is absorbed and converted into heat
27
Spherical shape of the earth: heating
causes a latitudinal gradient of thermal radiation | Close the the equator the area of radiation and distance travelled is smaller so heat energy is maximized
28
Cooling effects of elevation
pressure and density of air decreases with altitude - with reduced pressure air expands and undergoes adiabatic cooling
29
Coriolis Effect:
the tendency for moving objects (e.g., wind and currents) to veer clockwise in the NH and counterclockwise in the SH. We see this effect easily between 0 and 30 degrees North and South latitude
30
Trade winds and westerlines
Trade winds: blow west to east at high latitudes Westerlies blow: east to west at equator Causes clockwise in Nhemisphere and counter in S hemisphere
31
Horse Latitudes:
warm, dry surface winds "dry-out" the land and create most of our great deserts near 30o N and S latitude (e.g., Mojave, Sonoran, Sahara, Gobi, and Great Sandy deserts). -The land is cooler than ocean in these areas and as a result in the winter the warm air brings rainfall to the area. (opposite is true in summer)
32
Rain occurs where
the air is warm and rising: warm air is able to store more moisture... them more it rises the more saturated it gets until it will precipitate as rain or snow at its peak- and as it falls and cools down Areas where the air is cooling and falling is dry air that is taking moisture from those areas (i.e. deserty areas)
33
The adiabatic lapse rate
is the rate at which air cools as it rises. This lapse rate varies for many reasons, but generally, the lapse rate differs with and without condensation
34
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
``` period of weather change that occurs every 5-7 years due to the strengthening of the equatorial countercurrent (cause unknown). Increased rain (often 10x) in arid coastal regions of SA, and reduced coastal upwelling. ```
35
Geographic range
basic observational unit of biogeography, encompasses the maximum geographic extent of occurrences of a taxon during part or all of its life cycle.
36
Ways to describe distribution
Dot maps, outline maps, contour maps, seasonal range maps,
37
Way to quantify distributions
extent of occurrence | area of occupancy
38
Extent of occurrence
Uses polygon method: | may encapsulate areas that are uninhabited
39
Area of occupancy
using a grid , using geo-political boundaries Challenges: outbreak times are usually much larger than regular times -breeding/overwintering areas are much different
40
Growth rate per capita
r = b + i – d – e r is the per capita rate of population growth if r is positive = population increase if r is negative = population decline b and d are per capita birth and death rates, respectively i and e are per capita rates of immigration to and emigration from other populations, respectively
41
Fundamental Niche:
total range of abiotic environmental conditions in which a taxon can survive and reproduce ``` From Hutchinson (1957) the n-dimensional hypervolume (or multidimensional space) that describes the range of abiotic environmental conditions in which a taxon can survive and reproduce (each abiotic factor is a single dimension). ``` Ex: Eastern Phoebe and northern wintering range limit
42
Realized Niche
A subset of the fundamental niche comprising the actual environmental conditions in which a taxon survives and reproduces in nature, including biotic factors (competition, predation, mutualism, etc).
43
Caveats of the niche
Species may inhabit unfavourable areas or not be present in favourable areas (due to geographic barriers)
44
Sink-
Death rate > birth rate - depends on immigration to maintain population
45
Source
birth rate>death rate - migration keeps population in check
46
Metapopulation structure
when niche space is patchy, patches occupied intermittently
47
Metapopulation
: a population consisting of a set of subpopulations linked by a cycle of alternating colonization and extinction (Levins 1970) ex glanville fritillary
48
Disturbance
ex. andean high treeline - grasses set to fire
49
Determinants of distribution
Niche Metapopulation structure Disturbance Biotic interactions
50
Biotic interactions
``` Direct competition (gray vs white breasted wood wrens) Diffuse competition Predation Mutualism Historical Factors ```
51
Diffuse competition:
the combined effect of competition with many other species – one species is negatively affected by numerous other species that collectively cause significant depletion of shared resources (MacArthur 1972). (ex cavity nesters vs open cup nesters
52
Predation
Ex: Manu National Park, Peru predation predation decreases with elevation high species turnover = lots of range overlap highest species turnover corresponds with highest predation rates
53
Mutualism
ex. clark's nut cracker and white pine's cones clownfish and sea anemones Note: Mutualism is not perfect predictor of distribution
54
historical factors
Ex. white suckers in fraser river but not columbia or skeena rivers. Species of NA birds occupied certain areas during the regression of the glaciers
55
Animals differ ability to adapt due to:
evolutionary constraints gene flow from center of range trade offs
56
Evolutionary constraints
In order to adapt via natural selection you must display: 1. Inheritance: Specifically replication with inherited traits. 2. Variation: Namely, genetic variation within the population. 3. Competition: Specifically, competition for survival and reproduction within the population.
57
Gene flow from center of range can be impeded by:
small populations and low genetic variation at the peripheries and high gene flow coming from the center (ex: A is favoured at periphery but rare at center, therefore a will swamp and selection for A at the periphery)
58
Trade offs
ex. in stickle backs trade off between spines (predator defense) and fecundity (number of eggs) western blue birds - less aggression in older and better established populations. non aggressive, staying birds have higher fecundity than aggressive or dispersing birds
59
Biogeoclimatic zones, ecoregions, and biomes are defined by:
1. precipitation 2. humidity 3. temperature 4. soil characteristics 5. microbial life 6. flora 7. fauna
60
Biomes
regions defined on the basis of distinct abiotic and biotic characteristics involving climatic and soil conditions and assemblage of plant and animal species.
61
Types of biomes
Tropical, temperate, desert, boreal, tundra
62
Aquatic biomes
Marine: photic and aphotic Freshwater: Limnetic (includes Littoral), profundal (includes pelagic and benthic)
63
Lentic vs lotic
lentic still standing | lotic flowing
64
“individualistic” hypothesis, proposed by Gleason
species do not occur in definable communities
65
Inter dependance
Clements proposed that co-occurring species occur as definable units ...species within communities were interdependent and coevolved
66
Whittaker's combination
``` Whittaker combines both individualistic and community-unit scenarios including biotic processes (also competitive interactions and species replacements ```
67
Succession
Primary succession: succession "from scratch", i.e. from a place devoid of life and the soil on which it depends. Imagine a volcano or glacier that destroys all life, leaving bare rock or till. Secondary succession: succession when the soil is left after a disturbance (e.g., flood or fire). Also includes later stages of succession as communities return to natural vegetation.
68
Species Concepts
morphological species concept phylogenetic species concept biological species concept
69
Morphological Species Concept:
a species is a morphologically distinct group of individuals that has few or no intermediates when in contact with other such clusters (Mallet 1995). Issues? how to differentiate what is a species? some species genetically different but morpho identical, some species have a lot of morpholigical diversity ex. yarrow is very different along different elevations
70
Phylogenetic Species Concept:
a phylogenetic species is (1) a monophyletic lineage, (2) derived through an evolutionary process of descent from an ancestral lineage and (3) diagnosable through examination of character state transformations (McKirktrick & Zink 1988; Cracraft 1989). issues? which character traits to focus on ? need to understand/know evolutionary history of species benefits: can apply to sexual and asexual populations
71
Biological Species Concept (BSC):
species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups (Mayr 1942, 1995). Most widely held concept for species delineation issues: actually vs potentially not interbreeding? what about geographically isolated species? fossils? asexual species?
72
Mechanisms that affect speciation
``` Physical isolation dispersal genetic drift natural selection sexual selection mutation karyotypic changes polyploidization hybridization ```
73
“Dobzhansky-Muller incompatatbilities"
as populations diverge different alleles may become fixed in each by natural selection or genetic drift
74
Allopatric speciation
evolution of reproductive isolation when in geographic isolation - no sister species when no isolation possible - sister species in to isolated populations ex. phylogeny of albula ex. range boundaries- bullock orile and baltimore oriole - across rockies?
75
Darwin's Finches 3 steps to speciation
1) Colonization of archipelago 2) established allopatric populations 3) establishment of sympatry
76
Peripatric speciation
special type of allopatric speciation due to founder's effect and high genetic drift ex: coco's island finch
77
Parapatric speciation
variable populations diverge along a selective gradient
78
Problems of sympartic speciation
1) divergent selection is counteracted by gene flow, solution: evolution of assortative mating or close linkage between reproductively isolated genes 2) coexistence instead of competition, solution: speciation is driven by ecological divergence
79
Criterion for selection sympatric speciation
1) Must be sister species 2) history of species must indicate allopatry unlikely 3) must be reproductively isolated 4) must be living in sympatry
80
Dispersal
The area where in individual reproduces or would reproduce if it survived to reproduction/found a mate
81
Migration is not dispersal
Migration: the spatially and temporally predictable movement of individuals bewteen breeding and foraging habitats
82
Vicariance
occurance of a barrier between a popluation that already existed causing it to differentiate into two different populations
83
Mechanisms of dispersal
Propagule vagility pagility sweepstakes dispersal
84
Propagule
any part of an organism, individual of a population that can establish a new population
85
Vagility
ability to disperse actively
86
Pagility
passive dispersal where dispersal is from a force independant of individual
87
Sweepstakes dispersal
stochastic dispersal of a species and the creation of disjunct, remote or disharmonic biota ex. green iguana on anguilla, from hurricane
88
Barriers
Physiological barriers
89
Physiological barriers
ex. temperature tolerance like with puffins high altitude species have a wider tolerance to temperature than tropical species
90
Corridor
a non selective dispersal route that allows individuals to move from one area to another
91
Filter
a selective dispersal route that only allows certain indivduals to cross from on region to another
92
Range expansion
jump dispersal | diffusive dispersal
93
Jump dispersal
dispersal over long distances of inhospitable habitat results in discontinuous living ? ex cattle egeret - colonize SA
94
Diffusive dispersal
ex. armadillo movement into adjacent habitats
95
Evolution of Dispersal
Genetic basis of dispersal Maintenance of dispersal potential Establishment of new populations
96
Dispersal
higher in unstable environments | higher in conditionally-dependant dispersal (compared to vicariance)
97
Why dispersal?
unstable environments colonization of new environments reduction of inbreeding depression reduces competition
98
Why philopatry?
increased familiarity with variable environments returns locally adpated individuals to appropriate habitats avoids cost of movement

Biol 413 (9 decks)

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