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Biol > BIOL 230 Test 3 > Flashcards

BIOL 230 Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

glycolysis initial reactants

A

glucose

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2
Q

glycolysis final products

A

pyruvate + net 2ATP (tech 4) + 2NADH

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3
Q

what is the purpose of rxns with -deltaG

A

prevent a cycle or going backwards/ pushes overall process forward

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4
Q

what cells in humans undergo gluconeogenesis

A

liver

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5
Q

does gluconeogenesis use the same pathways as glycolysis? why?

A

no because of the 3 irreversible steps you need a diff chem pathway

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6
Q

gluconeogenesis initial reactants

A

pyruvate

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7
Q

gluconeogenesis final products

A

glucose

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8
Q

for every pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA

A

1 NADH is produced

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9
Q

Krebs initial

A

pyruvate

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10
Q

Krebs final

A

2ATP+ 6NADH + 2FADH (total)

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11
Q

How can amino acids affect the Krebs cycle

A

they can enter at various points to act as substrtes for the rxn

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12
Q

ROS

A

Electrons that escape the ETC can bind with oxygen to reduce them and form ROS. These can be harmful to the cell and degrade DNA and protein

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13
Q

Superoxide

A

O2- ; reactive and can damage proteins and DNA

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14
Q

atp synthase F0

A

english letters, part of membrane

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15
Q

atp synthase F1

A

greek letters, inside of inner membrane space

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16
Q

Where is ATP synthase

A

in the inner layer of the mitochondrion, with the F1 subunit facing inside the inner membrane (protons pumped in between outer and inner membrane

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17
Q

focal adhesions

A

where ecm and cell interact; involves integral membrane proteins

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18
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein

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19
Q

laminin

A

adhesive protein

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20
Q

fibronectin

A

adhesive protein
COMMON INTEGRIN LIGAND
interact w/ ECM to form fibrils

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21
Q

integrin

A

integral membrane protein
dimer w/ alpha e beta
activation triggers RTK

22
Q

cadherin

A

integral membrane protein

23
Q

RDG motif

A

found in ligands that bind to integrin

24
Q

how is fibronectin made?

A

produced in cell in a clumped up form inside the cell, Integrins recognize and bind the RGD motif of fibronectin (remember RGD motif is ligand, outside of cell), Signaling pathways activate the cell’s cytoskeleton,
mechanical force between the integrins and cytoskeleton “STRETCH” the fibronectin to its active form (long line of protein).

25
Q

SRC

A

proto-oncogene

inc src, inc cytoskeleton funct, inc motility (aggressive)

26
Q

sym: Occluding junction

A

tight junction

27
Q

sym: anchoring junction

A

desmosomes

28
Q

sym: channel junction

A

gap junction

29
Q

Occluding/ tight funct

A

prevents molecules from moving between cells (forces intracellular transport), is more specific

30
Q

occluding/ tight protein

A

occludin e claudin

31
Q

anchoring/ desmosomes funct

A

fibrous connections between cells; mechanical strength between cells

32
Q

anchoring/ desmosomes protein

A

membrane: cadhedrins (integral membrane protein)
cytoskeleton: keratin (tonofilaments are intracellular keratin)

33
Q

channel/ gap funct

A

continuity of cytoplasm for communication

34
Q

channel/ gap protein

A

connexin (animal)

35
Q

channel/ gap plant ver

A

plasmodesmata

36
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

“half desmosomes” connect cell to ECM

37
Q

microtubule monomer

A

tubulin (alpha and beta subunits)

38
Q

G v F actin

A

g=globular=monomer

f=filamentous=polymer

39
Q

tubulin polymer

A

protofilament

40
Q

motor protein w/ actin

A

myosin

41
Q

motor protein w/ MT

A

kinesin/ dynein

42
Q

5 steps of amoeboid movement

A
  1. Cell polarization via stimulation
  2. Protrusion
  3. Adhesion
  4. Contraction
  5. Deattachment
43
Q

cell polarization

A

“establishes edge”
gradient from chemotaxis, GTP binds, “MT stabilization” -> grow and reinforce leading edge
GTPase can regulate

44
Q

cell protrusions

A

driven by actin polymerization

creates a force to extend membrane, actin delivers phospholipids to the membrane

45
Q

lamellipodia

A

fan like protrusion

46
Q

filopodium

A

finger like protrusion

47
Q

cell adhesion

A

Bridge ECM w/ cytoskeleton
Cell’s protrusions form stable interactions with the ECM that are continuous with the cytoskeleton called FOCAL ADHESIONS (FAs consist of ECM:receptors, signaling molecules and actin that interact to promote motility and alter cell function )

48
Q

Contractile tension

A

pulls trailing edge w/ actin and myosin. Leading actin makes network (acting in all directions crisscrossing) and trailing actin forms stress fibers (thicker single strands)

49
Q

Deattachment

A

Degrade focal adhesion using proteases (calpain)

50
Q

Calpain

A

a major protease that degrades the interactions that help stabilize the focal adhesion (mainly talin)

51
Q

axoneme of motile cilia

A

9+2

52
Q

axoneme of sensory cilia

A

9+0 (proposed came from LECA)

Biol (3 decks)

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