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BIOL 224 > BIOL 224 Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 224 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environmen

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2
Q

define aquaporin

A

channel proteins facilitating transport of water between cells.

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3
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration

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4
Q

define isotonic

A

solute concentration is equal on both sides

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5
Q

define hypertonic

A

high solute concentration (water goes out of cell)

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6
Q

define hypotonic

A

low solute concentration (water goes into cell)

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7
Q

define osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations.

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8
Q

define hemolysis

A

when cells explode

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9
Q

define crenation

A

when cells shrivel up

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10
Q

define osmoregulator

A

Animals that maintain body solute concentrations different from the environment

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11
Q

define osmoconformer

A

animals that do not maintain their osmotic concentrations different from the environment

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12
Q

define metanephridia

A

excretory gland found in invertebrates that lets them pee out excess water

The internal tissues of annelids are hyperosmotic relative to the freshwater soil surroundings. As a result, annelids take in water osmotically and produce hypoosmotic urine to get rid of excess
water. In annelids, excretion and osmoregulation are accomplished by a highly developed organ system called metanephridia

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13
Q

describe how animal cells are affected when osmolality varies

A

shrink in hypertonic (high solute concentration) and grow in hypotonic

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14
Q

explain features of the plasma membrane in animal cells that underpin its role in
osmosis.

A

its semipermeable meaning that water can cross through it when solutes or ions cannot

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15
Q

explain the role of osmoregulatory organs in maintaining extracellular fluid
composition in vertebrates

A

The kidneys are the main osmoregulatory organs in mammalian systems; they function to filter blood and maintain the osmolarity of body fluids at 300 mOsm

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16
Q

Describe the function of aquaporins. Where in the human body are these
membrane proteins found?

A

found in the plasma membrane –> let water thru

lots in the kidneys

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17
Q

Why is it a bad idea for humans to drink sea water?

A

Osmotic pressure is also the reason you should not drink seawater if you’re stranded on a lifeboat in the ocean; seawater has a higher osmotic pressure than most of the fluids in your body. You can drink the water, but ingesting it will pull water out of your cells as osmosis works to dilute the seawater.

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18
Q

Describe how osmoregulatory challenges differ between the marine,
freshwater and terrestrial environments for vertebrate animals.

A

freshwater animals are faced with body weight gains and
losses depending on the osmotic gradient that exists in their environment.

Generally, the large volume of water in the ocean ensures minimal fluctuations
of the osmotic environment and osmoconformers are usually exposed to a relatively stable environment. However, Animals trapped in a tidal pool must be able to adapt to short-term osmotic stress and survive for about 12 hours until the next tide

Terrestrial –> salts have to be consumed
- water must be obtained and preserved within the animal

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19
Q

define alveoli

A

any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange and increase surface area of the lung

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20
Q

define bronchi

A

the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller and smaller passageways — the smallest, called bronchioles, lead to tiny air sacs (alveoli).

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21
Q

TV

A

Tidal Volume

amount of air that moves during one breathing cycle

measured peak - trough

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22
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

additional air one can breath in beyond normal breathing–> also reflects upper maximum of lung volume

measured peak of Tv to peak of forced inspo

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23
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve volume

additional air able to be exhaled from the lungs

measured trough of tv to trough of forced exhalation

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24
Q

RV

A

residual volume

amount of air left in lungs that cannot be exhaled

= (vc/ 0.75)-vc

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25
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

maximum volume of air that can be moved in one breathing cycle

measured peak to trough of forced breath

also measured thru specific formula

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26
Q

BP

A

breath period

time it takes to do one breath

measured peak - peak of Tv in time

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27
Q

BR

A

breathing rate

rate of breaths per minute

60sec/ BP

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28
Q

MRV

A

minute respiratory volume

BR x TV

volume of gas moved in a minute

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29
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity

max volume of air one can inhale

TV + IRV

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30
Q

EC

A

expiratory capacity

max volume of air one can exhale

TV + ERV

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31
Q

FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity

volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

= ERV + RV

32
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity

the absolute max volume of air ones lungs can accommodate

TV + RV + IRV + ERV

VC= 75% TLC

33
Q

define spirometry

A

study or measurement of quantity of gas exchanged during lung ventilation

34
Q

define respiratory center

A

in the medulla oblongata (brainstem), regulates TV and breathing rate

gets info from various sense receptors

35
Q

explain physiological changes that occur in respiratory system in response to exercise

A

TV goes up, ERV and IRV go down (because tv went up and its reserve) and VC should be similar

oxygen is used quicker and Co2 increases in the blood during exercise causing sensory receptors to stimulate respiratory center to tell body to breath faster and harder to expel more CO2

36
Q

explain the physiological differences associated with lung capacities between men and women.

A

men = bigger = more tissue = bigger lungs = need more o2 = bigger lung capacity

37
Q

Why is diffusion an inefficient respiratory strategy for organisms that are more
than a few millimeters thick? Describe why oxygen uptake is more challenging
for animals living in water than for animals living in air.

A

Larger organisms have a greater need for gas exchange, but have a smaller surface area relative to their volume, making diffusion by itself insufficient for gas exchange.

The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than that of air

38
Q

Animals including humans that live at higher altitudes do not suffer from
chronic hypoxia and reduced aerobic performance. What physiological
adaptations do they have that make them capable of that?

A

expansion in the width of the blood vessels (both capillaries and arteries) that carry oxygenated blood to the cells.

greater red blood cell volume and increased concentration of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein that is the main component of red blood cells.

39
Q

Smoking causes damage to the alveoli in the lung. How does that affect gas
exchange in human body? If you conduct spirometry measurements between
smokers and non-smokers, what differences in the functional capacity of lungs would you likely to observe?

A

the chemicals in smoke destroy the tiny air sacs, or alveoli, in the lungs that allow oxygen exchange.

people who don’t smoke can breathe better duh

40
Q

define myocardium

A

muscular tissue of the heart

41
Q

define brady/tachycardia

A

bradycardia –> slow HR less than 60bp

tachycardia –> fast HR 100+ bpm

42
Q

define myogenic/ neurogenic

A

controlled by heart / nerves respectively

43
Q

define systole/ diastole

A

Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes.
When the heart relaxes, the chambers of the heart fill with blood, and a person’s blood pressure decreases.

Systole is when the heart muscle contracts.
When the heart contracts, it pushes the blood out of the heart and into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system. From here, the blood goes to all of the organs and tissues of the body.

44
Q

define baroreceptor

A

mechanoreceptors located in blood vessels near the heart that provide the brain with information pertaining to blood volume and pressure

triggered by diving reflex when body pulls all blood to heart and brain in panic mode

45
Q

define baroreflex

A

maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels. The baroreflex provides a rapid negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure causes the heart rate to decrease.

worked with vagus nerve in psymp ns to slow heart and release ach

46
Q

define depolarzation/repolariaztion

A

depolarization –> movement of an area to a more positive value via ions

repolarization –> cells become more negative

47
Q

explain the physiology that underlies the response of the heart and peripheral
components of the circulatory system to exercise

A

during exercise the sympathetic NS is more active, and the nerves that innervate the pacemaker cells release norepi to make cells beat faster and increase heart rate, because body needs more oxygenated blood to fuel tissues as it gets used at a faster rate

pulse amplitude decreases as a result of this, blood needs to go to lungs and legs

48
Q

explain the physiology of the heart and peripheral components of the circulatory
system that are associated with the diving response.

A

when your face hits the water the cold and pressure stimulate the trigeminal nerve and puts your body into survival mode, where your body tries to conserve blood for the head and heart, causing rapid vasoconstriction causing a change in pressure stimulating barorecpetors and triggering parasympathetic NS to release ACH via vagus nerve in heart to make cells beat slower to conserve oxygen to the areas that need it

49
Q

Describe the electrical conduction pathway that is responsible for initiating
a heart contraction cycle, starting with the heart’s pacemaker.

A

sinoatrial node (SA node) causes atrial depolarization (contracts, P wave), goes through the bundle of HIS, bundle fibers and purkinje fibers to atrioventricular (AV) node (QRS complex, but a little later) causing ventricular depolarization, then ventricle repolarizes (T wave)

50
Q

Describe the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the ECG and
overall heart activity.

A

when the sympathetic ns is more active, heart rate quickens and is shorter distance between pulses on ecg

opposite for parasymp

51
Q

define glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

part of cellular respiration

52
Q

define cellular respiration

A

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, which may be used as energy

process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

53
Q

define indirect calorimetry

A

Indirect calorimetry (IC), which measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, provides an assessment of energy expenditure/ or heat produced

54
Q

define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions

55
Q

define cata/anabolism

A

catabolism –> breakdown reactions

anabolism –> buildup reactions

56
Q

define metabolic rate

A

energy expenditure / unit time

higher with weight

but lighter have higher/weight

57
Q

define standard metabolic rate

A

fasting minimum rate of metabolism at a given external temperature of not mammals as their metabolic rate is largely determined by the temperature of their environment

58
Q

define basal metabolic rate

A

fasting minimum rate of metabolism in animals

59
Q

explain the physiology that underlies CO2 production

A

CO2 is a byproduct of cellular respiration converted from the oxygen we inhale and is exhaled out of the body as waste

60
Q

explain the physiology that underlies mass specific metabolic rate.

A

smaller animals have higher metabolic rates

may be due to smaller surface to volume ratio means more heat is lost meaning they have to generate it more rapidly

61
Q

Explain the difference between SMR/BMR (Standard/basal metabolic rate)
and MMR (maximum metabolic rate). What is aerobic scope (also called
aerobic metabolic scope)? Why does the aerobic scope of ectothermic
animals decline as temperature rises?

A

(MMR) is typically used to represent the maximum rate of aerobic metabolism of an animal –> not just at rest

Aerobic scope represents an animal’s capacity to increase its aerobic metabolic rate above maintenance levels (i.e. the difference between standard (SMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rates).

metabolism increases with temp, so they cannot increase metabolic rate as much as it is already increasing

62
Q

Explain why many endotherms can also be characterized as heterotherms or
poikilotherms? What is the difference between a temporal and a regional
heterotherm? Describe the physiological benefits of temporal and regional
heterothermy.

A

pikilotherm –> an organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means such as basking or burrowing.

Heterotherm –:> physiological term for animals that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it.

Regional heterothermy describes organisms that are able to maintain different temperature zones in different regions of the body.
Penguins and many arctic birds use these exchangers to keep their feet at roughly the same temperature as the surrounding ice which prevents the birds from getting stuck to ice sheets!

Temporal heterothermy refers to animals that are poikilothermic or homoeothermic for a portion of the day, or year. Often, body temperature and metabolic rate are elevated only during activity. When resting, these animals reduce their metabolisms drastically, which results in their body temperature dropping to that of the surrounding environment. This makes them homoeothermic when active, and poikilothermic when at rest. Bats and hummingbirds go into what is known as torpor and bears hibernate. Both are examples of heterothermy; where the internal temperature of the animal drops during specific periods of time, usually when food is scarce.

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BIOL 224 (3 decks)

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