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BIOL 2140 Exam 2 > BIOL 2140 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 2140 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which primary tissue is responsible for covering?

A

Epithelial

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2
Q

Which primary tissue is responsible for movement?

A

Muscle

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3
Q

Which primary tissue is responsible for control?

A

Nervous

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4
Q

Which primary tissue is responsible for support?

A

Connective

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5
Q

A collection of tissues that have a specialized function (most contain all 4 tissues)

A

Organ

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6
Q

What is the type of epithelium that is considered “dry”?

A

Cutaneous

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7
Q

What is the type of epithelium that is wet and lines body cavities open to the exterior?

A

Mucous

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8
Q

What is the type of epithelium that is wet and is a lubricating fluid?

A

Serous

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9
Q

An example of cutaneous cells is…

A

Skin

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10
Q

An example of serous cells is…

A

Pericardia

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11
Q

An example of mucous cells is…

A

Respiratory lining

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12
Q

Any access to the internal body is through the _________

A

Epithelium

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13
Q

What membrane lines the inside of blood vessels?

A

Serous

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14
Q

What are epithelium cells bonded together by?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

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15
Q

What is the basal surface mostly made up of?

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What is an adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells?

A

Basal lamina

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17
Q

What is a layer of collagen fibers and is part of underlying connective tissue?

A

Reticular lamina

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18
Q

Basal lamina + Reticular lamina = ?

A

Basement membrane

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19
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

Reinforce the epithelium

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20
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the…

A

kidney

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21
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the…

A

air sacs of lungs

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22
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is found in the…

A

intestine

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23
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the…

A

respiratory tract

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24
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the…

A

esophagus

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25
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium allow?

A

diffusion

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26
Q

What type of simple squamous epithelium is the inner covering?

A

Endothelium

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27
Q

What does endothelium line?

A

Lymphatic and cardiovascular system

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28
Q

What type of simple squamous epithelium lines the ventral body cavity?

A

Mesothelium

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29
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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30
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

kidney tubules

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31
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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32
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium located?

A

GI tract

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33
Q

What type of epithelium is a single layer of cells of differing height?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion

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35
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A

ducts (trachea)

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36
Q

What type of epithelium has many layers of flat cells?

A

stratified squamous

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37
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion

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38
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

esophagus lining and mouth

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39
Q

What type of epithelium is only found in the male urethra?

A

Stratified columnar

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40
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection and secretion

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41
Q

What type of epithelium can change its structure?

A

transitional

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42
Q

What are the basal cells of transitional epithelium?

A

cuboidal or columnar

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43
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

ureters, bladder, urethra

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44
Q

What are groups of cells that make and secrete a particular fluid?

A

glandular epithelia

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45
Q

Are all endocrine glands epithelial?

A

No

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46
Q

What is the only unicellular gland called?

A

goblet cell

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47
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

intestine and respiratory tract

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48
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

produce mucin and H2O

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49
Q

Which type of epithelia is a single unbranched duct?

A

simple

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50
Q

Which type of epithelia is a branched duct?

A

compound

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51
Q

Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes?

A

tubular

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52
Q

Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form alveoli

A

alveolar

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53
Q

Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes & sacs?

A

tubuloalveolar

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54
Q

Which type of glands are simple tubular?

A

intestinal

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55
Q

Which type of glands are compound alveolar?

A

mammary

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56
Q

Which type of glands are simple alveolar?

A

none

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57
Q

Which type of glands are simple branched alveolar?

A

sebaceous

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58
Q

Which type of glands are compound tubuloalveolar?

A

salivary

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59
Q

Which type of glands are compound tubular

A

duodenal (small intestine)

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60
Q

Which type of glands are simple branched tubular?

A

stomach

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61
Q

Which glands secrete their products by exocytosis?

A

merocrine

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62
Q

Where are merocrine glands found?

A

pancreas, sweat, saliva

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63
Q

Does the brain have connective tissue?

A

Very little

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64
Q

What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

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65
Q

What is an example of connective tissue proper?

A

ligaments and tendons

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66
Q

How is blood a connective tissue?

A

connects systems through transport

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67
Q

The function of connective tissue is binding and support, protection, _____________, and transportation

A

insulation

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68
Q

What type of embryonic tissue does all connective tissue come from?

A

mesenchyme

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69
Q

What are the 2 different types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

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70
Q

Loose connective tissue is…

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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71
Q

Dense connective tissue is…

A

regular, irregular, elastic

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72
Q

What are the 3 different types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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73
Q

Connective tissue proper is a reservoir for what?

A

water and salts

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74
Q

What does cartilage’s matrix hold large amounts of ?

A

water

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75
Q

What are the 3 levels of connective tissue

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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76
Q

What are the 2 different types of bones?

A

compact and spongy

77
Q

Where are blood proteins made?

A

liver

78
Q

What molecule creates blood clots?

A

fibrin

79
Q

What are the 3 main elements of connective tissue?

A

ground substance (matrix), fibers, cells

80
Q

What is the purpose of the matrix?

A

fills space

81
Q

What is the purpose of fibers?

A

support

82
Q

What are the 3 different types of fibers?

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

83
Q

Which fibers have high tensile strength?

A

collagen

84
Q

Which fibers are long thin branches?

A

elastic

85
Q

Which fibers surround small blood vessels and located in basement membrane?

A

reticular

86
Q

What is the suffix for immature?

A

-blast

87
Q

What is the suffix for mature?

A

-cyte

88
Q

What is the most widely distributed connective tissue?

A

areolar

89
Q

What is the “packing material” for the body?

A

areolar

90
Q

Which loose connective tissue supports WBC’s?

A

reticular

91
Q

Which connective tissue is closely packed bundles of collagen that run parallel to direction of pull?

A

dense regular

92
Q

Which dense connective tissue is thicker?

A

dense irregular

93
Q

Is cartilage innervated?

A

No

94
Q

What is the most abundant form of cartilage?

A

hyaline

95
Q

Which type of cartilage covers ends of long bones to absorb joint compression?

A

hyaline

96
Q

Does hyaline cartilage connect ribs to sternum?

A

Yes

97
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

places that bend easily (pinna of ear)

98
Q

What % of cartilage of H2O?

A

80%

99
Q

Which type of cartilage resists tension and heavy pressure?

A

fibrocartilage

100
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

pubic symphysis

101
Q

What is the largest organ of the human body?

A

skin (integument)

102
Q

What is the outer protective layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

103
Q

Is the dermis vascularized?

A

Yes

104
Q

Which layer of the skin is subcutaneous tissue?

A

hypodermis

105
Q

Function of the hypodermis is fat storage, insulator, ______________, and anchors skin to muscle

A

shock absorber

106
Q

What is the thinnest layer of skin?

A

epidermis

107
Q

What is the thickest layer of skin?

A

dermis

108
Q

Which part of the dermis senses vibration?

A

lamellar corpuscle

109
Q

Most epidermal cells are ___________

A

keratinocytes

110
Q

How often are keratinocytes replaced?

A

25-45 days

111
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

deepest part of dermis

112
Q

Where are langerhan cells made?

A

bone marrow

113
Q

Which type of cells are considered a “touch receptor”?

A

merkel

114
Q

What type of tissue is hypodermis made up of?

A

adipose

115
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

116
Q

What is the deepest epidermal layer?

A

stratum basale

117
Q

Which parts of the body have the most layers of skin?

A

palms, fingertips, soles of feet

118
Q

How many rows does the stratum basale have?

A

1

119
Q

Which layer of epidermis are melanin granules and langerhans cells found?

A

stratum spinosum

120
Q

How many layers does stratum granulosum have?

A

3-5

121
Q

How many layers does stratum corneum have?

A

20-30

122
Q

How many keratinocytes do we shed per minute?

A

50,000

123
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

124
Q

What type of connective tissue is on the papillary layer?

A

loose areolar

125
Q

Which layer contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors?

A

papillary

126
Q

Which layer makes up 80% of the dermis?

A

reticular

127
Q

What type of connective tissue is on the reticular layer?

A

irregular dense fibrous

128
Q

What is the purpose of collagen in the reticular layer?

A

strength and binding water

129
Q

Functions of the integumentary system are temperature regulation, ___________, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and __________

A

sensation; excretion

130
Q

How much sweat do sweat glands unnoticeably secrete daily?

A

0.5 L

131
Q

How much sweat can we lose in a day?

A

12 L

132
Q

The integumentary system is what percentage of the body’s blood?

A

5%

133
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

basal cell skin cancer

134
Q

Which layer of skin does basal cell skin cancer affect?

A

5th (basal) layer

135
Q

What is the most dangerous skin cancer?

A

melanoma

136
Q

What is the least malignant skin cancer?

A

basal cell skin cancer

137
Q

Where is squamous cell cancer found

A

keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

138
Q

What is the cause of most skin cancers?

A

UV radiation

139
Q

What are the 5 letters for detection of melanoma

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colors, Diameter, Elevation

140
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

A and G

141
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

C and T

142
Q

What means no DNA repair mechanisms for UV damage?

A

Xerodermapigmentosa

143
Q

What are problems of burns?

A

fluid loss, infection

144
Q

First degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?

A

epidermis

145
Q

Second degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?

A

epidermis and upper dermis

146
Q

How long does it take for a first degree burn to repair?

A

2-3 days

147
Q

How long does it take for a second degree burn to repair?

A

3-4 weeks

148
Q

Which degree of burns is grafting necessary?

A

third

149
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bones?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

150
Q

What is blood cell formation in bone marrow?

A

hematopoiesis

151
Q

Are bones considered organs?

A

Yes

152
Q

What are the spaces between compact and spongy bone filled with?

A

bone marrow

153
Q

What is the shaft of long bones called?

A

diaphysis

154
Q

What are the ends of long bones called?

A

epiphysis

155
Q

What destroys bones?

A

osteoclasts

156
Q

What makes bones?

A

osteoblasts

157
Q

Is the periosteum innervated and vascularized?

A

Yes

158
Q

What covers the trabeculae?

A

endosteum

159
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

osteon

160
Q

What percentage of bone mass is recycled every week?

A

5-7%

161
Q

How often is spongy bone replaced?

A

every 3-4 years

162
Q

How often is compact bone replaced?

A

every 10 years

163
Q

Fractures are classified by position, __________, orientation, and __________________

A

completeness; skin penetration

164
Q

Does a closed fracture penetrate the skin?

A

No

165
Q

Is a linear fracture parallel to the long axis?

A

Yes

166
Q

Does an incomplete fracture completely break through the bone?

A

No

167
Q

Are bones out of alignment when the fracture is non-displaced?

A

No

168
Q

What type of fracture is when the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces?

A

comminuted

169
Q

What type of fracture is when the bone is crushed?

A

compression

170
Q

What type of fracture is when the bone subdues to twisting forces?

A

spiral

171
Q

What type of fracture is when the bone is pressed inward?

A

depressed

172
Q

What type of fracture is when the bone breaks incompletely, like a twig?

A

greenstick

173
Q

What type of fracture is when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis?

A

epiphyseal

174
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

soft bones

175
Q

What bone disorder causes the legs to bow and deform bones?

A

rickets

176
Q

Does osteoporosis reduce bone mass?

A

Yes

177
Q

Who is osteoporosis most commonly found in?

A

older women and men

178
Q

Which classification means immovable joints

A

synarthroses

179
Q

Which classification means freely movable joints

A

diarthroses

180
Q

Which classification means slightly movable joints?

A

amphiarthroses

181
Q

Which classification means immovable/slightly movable

A

fibrous

182
Q

Which classification means freely moving

A

synovial

183
Q

Which classification means right/slightly movable

A

cartilaginous

184
Q

What is the most immovable type of joint?

A

fibrous joints

185
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

186
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses and symphyses

187
Q

What do bursa and tendon sheaths do?

A

wrap around tendons

188
Q

The 4 parts of synovial joints are ______________, joint cavity, articular capsule, and _______________

A

articular cartilage; synovial fluid

BIOL 2140 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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