BIOL 2140 Exam 2 Flashcards
Which primary tissue is responsible for covering?
Epithelial
Which primary tissue is responsible for movement?
Muscle
Which primary tissue is responsible for control?
Nervous
Which primary tissue is responsible for support?
Connective
A collection of tissues that have a specialized function (most contain all 4 tissues)
Organ
What is the type of epithelium that is considered “dry”?
Cutaneous
What is the type of epithelium that is wet and lines body cavities open to the exterior?
Mucous
What is the type of epithelium that is wet and is a lubricating fluid?
Serous
An example of cutaneous cells is…
Skin
An example of serous cells is…
Pericardia
An example of mucous cells is…
Respiratory lining
Any access to the internal body is through the _________
Epithelium
What membrane lines the inside of blood vessels?
Serous
What are epithelium cells bonded together by?
Tight junctions and desmosomes
What is the basal surface mostly made up of?
Collagen
What is an adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells?
Basal lamina
What is a layer of collagen fibers and is part of underlying connective tissue?
Reticular lamina
Basal lamina + Reticular lamina = ?
Basement membrane
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Reinforce the epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the…
kidney
Simple squamous epithelium is found in the…
air sacs of lungs
Simple columnar epithelium is found in the…
intestine
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the…
respiratory tract
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the…
esophagus
What does simple squamous epithelium allow?
diffusion
What type of simple squamous epithelium is the inner covering?
Endothelium
What does endothelium line?
Lymphatic and cardiovascular system
What type of simple squamous epithelium lines the ventral body cavity?
Mesothelium
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
secretion and absorption
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
kidney tubules
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
secretion and absorption
Where is simple columnar epithelium located?
GI tract
What type of epithelium is a single layer of cells of differing height?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
secretion
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
ducts (trachea)
What type of epithelium has many layers of flat cells?
stratified squamous
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection from abrasion
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?
esophagus lining and mouth
What type of epithelium is only found in the male urethra?
Stratified columnar
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
protection and secretion
What type of epithelium can change its structure?
transitional
What are the basal cells of transitional epithelium?
cuboidal or columnar
Where is transitional epithelium found?
ureters, bladder, urethra
What are groups of cells that make and secrete a particular fluid?
glandular epithelia
Are all endocrine glands epithelial?
No
What is the only unicellular gland called?
goblet cell
Where are goblet cells found?
intestine and respiratory tract
What is the function of goblet cells?
produce mucin and H2O
Which type of epithelia is a single unbranched duct?
simple
Which type of epithelia is a branched duct?
compound
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes?
tubular
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form alveoli
alveolar
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes & sacs?
tubuloalveolar
Which type of glands are simple tubular?
intestinal
Which type of glands are compound alveolar?
mammary
Which type of glands are simple alveolar?
none
Which type of glands are simple branched alveolar?
sebaceous
Which type of glands are compound tubuloalveolar?
salivary
Which type of glands are compound tubular
duodenal (small intestine)
Which type of glands are simple branched tubular?
stomach
Which glands secrete their products by exocytosis?
merocrine
Where are merocrine glands found?
pancreas, sweat, saliva
Does the brain have connective tissue?
Very little
What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
What is an example of connective tissue proper?
ligaments and tendons
How is blood a connective tissue?
connects systems through transport
The function of connective tissue is binding and support, protection, _____________, and transportation
insulation
What type of embryonic tissue does all connective tissue come from?
mesenchyme
What are the 2 different types of connective tissue proper?
loose and dense
Loose connective tissue is…
areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissue is…
regular, irregular, elastic
What are the 3 different types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Connective tissue proper is a reservoir for what?
water and salts
What does cartilage’s matrix hold large amounts of ?
water
What are the 3 levels of connective tissue
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
What are the 2 different types of bones?
compact and spongy
Where are blood proteins made?
liver
What molecule creates blood clots?
fibrin
What are the 3 main elements of connective tissue?
ground substance (matrix), fibers, cells
What is the purpose of the matrix?
fills space
What is the purpose of fibers?
support
What are the 3 different types of fibers?
collagen, elastic, reticular
Which fibers have high tensile strength?
collagen
Which fibers are long thin branches?
elastic
Which fibers surround small blood vessels and located in basement membrane?
reticular
What is the suffix for immature?
-blast
What is the suffix for mature?
-cyte
What is the most widely distributed connective tissue?
areolar
What is the “packing material” for the body?
areolar
Which loose connective tissue supports WBC’s?
reticular
Which connective tissue is closely packed bundles of collagen that run parallel to direction of pull?
dense regular
Which dense connective tissue is thicker?
dense irregular
Is cartilage innervated?
No
What is the most abundant form of cartilage?
hyaline
Which type of cartilage covers ends of long bones to absorb joint compression?
hyaline
Does hyaline cartilage connect ribs to sternum?
Yes
Where is elastic cartilage found?
places that bend easily (pinna of ear)
What % of cartilage of H2O?
80%
Which type of cartilage resists tension and heavy pressure?
fibrocartilage
Where is fibrocartilage found?
pubic symphysis
What is the largest organ of the human body?
skin (integument)
What is the outer protective layer of the skin?
epidermis
Is the dermis vascularized?
Yes
Which layer of the skin is subcutaneous tissue?
hypodermis
Function of the hypodermis is fat storage, insulator, ______________, and anchors skin to muscle
shock absorber
What is the thinnest layer of skin?
epidermis
What is the thickest layer of skin?
dermis
Which part of the dermis senses vibration?
lamellar corpuscle
Most epidermal cells are ___________
keratinocytes
How often are keratinocytes replaced?
25-45 days
Where are melanocytes located?
deepest part of dermis
Where are langerhan cells made?
bone marrow
Which type of cells are considered a “touch receptor”?
merkel
What type of tissue is hypodermis made up of?
adipose
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
What is the deepest epidermal layer?
stratum basale
Which parts of the body have the most layers of skin?
palms, fingertips, soles of feet
How many rows does the stratum basale have?
1
Which layer of epidermis are melanin granules and langerhans cells found?
stratum spinosum
How many layers does stratum granulosum have?
3-5
How many layers does stratum corneum have?
20-30
How many keratinocytes do we shed per minute?
50,000
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
What type of connective tissue is on the papillary layer?
loose areolar
Which layer contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors?
papillary
Which layer makes up 80% of the dermis?
reticular
What type of connective tissue is on the reticular layer?
irregular dense fibrous
What is the purpose of collagen in the reticular layer?
strength and binding water
Functions of the integumentary system are temperature regulation, ___________, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and __________
sensation; excretion
How much sweat do sweat glands unnoticeably secrete daily?
0.5 L
How much sweat can we lose in a day?
12 L
The integumentary system is what percentage of the body’s blood?
5%
What is the most common skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
Which layer of skin does basal cell skin cancer affect?
5th (basal) layer
What is the most dangerous skin cancer?
melanoma
What is the least malignant skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
Where is squamous cell cancer found
keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
What is the cause of most skin cancers?
UV radiation
What are the 5 letters for detection of melanoma
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colors, Diameter, Elevation
What are the purine bases?
A and G
What are the pyrimidine bases?
C and T
What means no DNA repair mechanisms for UV damage?
Xerodermapigmentosa
What are problems of burns?
fluid loss, infection
First degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?
epidermis
Second degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?
epidermis and upper dermis
How long does it take for a first degree burn to repair?
2-3 days
How long does it take for a second degree burn to repair?
3-4 weeks
Which degree of burns is grafting necessary?
third
What are the 4 classifications of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular
What is blood cell formation in bone marrow?
hematopoiesis
Are bones considered organs?
Yes
What are the spaces between compact and spongy bone filled with?
bone marrow
What is the shaft of long bones called?
diaphysis
What are the ends of long bones called?
epiphysis
What destroys bones?
osteoclasts
What makes bones?
osteoblasts
Is the periosteum innervated and vascularized?
Yes
What covers the trabeculae?
endosteum
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
osteon
What percentage of bone mass is recycled every week?
5-7%
How often is spongy bone replaced?
every 3-4 years
How often is compact bone replaced?
every 10 years
Fractures are classified by position, __________, orientation, and __________________
completeness; skin penetration
Does a closed fracture penetrate the skin?
No
Is a linear fracture parallel to the long axis?
Yes
Does an incomplete fracture completely break through the bone?
No
Are bones out of alignment when the fracture is non-displaced?
No
What type of fracture is when the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces?
comminuted
What type of fracture is when the bone is crushed?
compression
What type of fracture is when the bone subdues to twisting forces?
spiral
What type of fracture is when the bone is pressed inward?
depressed
What type of fracture is when the bone breaks incompletely, like a twig?
greenstick
What type of fracture is when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis?
epiphyseal
What is osteomalacia?
soft bones
What bone disorder causes the legs to bow and deform bones?
rickets
Does osteoporosis reduce bone mass?
Yes
Who is osteoporosis most commonly found in?
older women and men
Which classification means immovable joints
synarthroses
Which classification means freely movable joints
diarthroses
Which classification means slightly movable joints?
amphiarthroses
Which classification means immovable/slightly movable
fibrous
Which classification means freely moving
synovial
Which classification means right/slightly movable
cartilaginous
What is the most immovable type of joint?
fibrous joints
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
What do bursa and tendon sheaths do?
wrap around tendons
The 4 parts of synovial joints are ______________, joint cavity, articular capsule, and _______________
articular cartilage; synovial fluid
