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BIO 205 Final > BIOl 205 final > Flashcards

BIOl 205 final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is tourism good for national parks? why?

A

Yes, it encourages gov to set aside more land for preserves if the economy is supported

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2
Q

Is it better to protect all parts of an ecosystem or is part adequate?

A

All is ideal, better for preserving habitat biodiversity, also better for preserving larger carnivorous species, supports meta pops, and helps accommodate natural disturbances

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3
Q

Example for why protecting all parts of an ecosystem is better

A

the protection of cod in canada: when they migrate outside of the 200 mile protected radius of ocean, they can be fished. does not take into account migration patterns

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4
Q

what is the value of small parks?

A

protects regional biodiversity

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5
Q

Circle shaped parks are better why?

A
  • Better perimeter/area ratio

- better for human shy species so behavior is not effected

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6
Q

Spacing and scale of management ideals

A
  • better to have more parks spaced out over greater area for better diversity
  • strategies for preservation should be discussed by managers of nearby parks, like controlled burning coordination
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7
Q

Buffer zone importance

A
  • allows for a smooth transition from parks>human settlement
  • increases park size
  • reduces fragmentation, provides wildlife corridors
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8
Q

What accumulates as organisms move higher in the food chain?

A

higher amounts of bioaccumulation occur

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9
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A
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10
Q

Order of the pyramid of energy from greatest to least

A

Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, third level consumers, apex predators

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11
Q

Endothermic and Ectothermic organisms

A

Endothermic: must regulate body temp and produce heat through metabolism
Ectothermic: cold blooded, relies on environment to regulate temp

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12
Q

Home ranges: carnivore vs herbivore

A

Carnivore ranges are 10x that of herbivores

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13
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Matter is neither created nor destroyed, but rearranged and recycled

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14
Q

Cause of much of our pollution problems

A

Nutrient cycling: what can be biodegraded, and what remains

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15
Q

pollutants/problems:

  1. Climate Change
  2. Ocean Dead Zones
  3. acid rain
  4. depletion of ozone
  5. egg shell thinning
A
  1. co2
  2. nitrates
  3. sulfur dioxide
  4. chlorofluorocarbons
  5. ddt
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16
Q

What did Rachel Carson add to our ecocetric ethic?

A

added a nutrient cycling aspect: considering organic vs non organic, pesticide use.

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17
Q

What was the first major environmental problem to be solved?

A

The banning of DDT in 1972: it threatened bald eagles that were declared endangers in 1967 (shell thinning) and they are no longer at risk

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18
Q

What are the main limiters of primary production in salt/freshwater ecosystems

A

Salt: nitrogen. Runoff from synth fert: was not a problem, bacteria fixed nitrogen until 20th cen. creates dead zones.
Fresh: phosphorous, causes algae bloom. Primarily from sewage and fertilizer. Effects are local.

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19
Q

Eutrophication:

A

Over fertilization of fresh water. Algae blooms cause things to die, causes a lack of oxygen.

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20
Q

2nd major success story: Lake Erie and the great makes water quality agreement

A

Lake where Detroit and Cleveland dumped “inadequately treated wastes.” Second environmental prob to be solved in 1972 w/ the great makes water quality agreement to target municipal sewage, reduced phosphorous.

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21
Q

The carbon cycle

A
  • Photosynthesis removes, cellular respiration adds.

- cycle disrupted by fossil fuel burning, releases carbon too quickly.

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22
Q

what causes ocean acidification and acid rain

A

Acid rain: burning of coal heavy in sulfur are released, makes silver dioxide rain becomes acidified as it falls.
Ocean acidification: Carbonic acid, c02 plus water

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23
Q

Acid rain: 3rd major env problem to be solved

A

-Switched to low sulfur coal, alt anergy sources, scrubbers in smokestacks,

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24
Q

4th major success: depletion of ozone

A

Montreal Protocol signed: ozone hole is stable and should decline

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25
Q

Daniel kozlovkly:

A
  • “ATOMs are transient. What is the environment today is organism tomorrow”
  • we should be careful about what we dump into the environment, because physically and psychologically, tomorrow its likely to be us.
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26
Q

Inadvertent services ecosystems produce for humans (and economic value)

A

-Nutrient cycling: breaks down trees to return nutrients to soil, dead bodies don’t lie around.
-Pollination: produces food, would have to pay humans to do it otherwise
-Climate regulation: forests sequester co2, would have to be done by us.
-Water supply: costs to restore are less than building new plants.
Flood control: forests provide natural floor control, prevents flash flooding

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27
Q

Ecosystem services ranked 1-10

A
  1. ) nutrient cycling: n &p cycles.
  2. ) cultural value: art, s ience, non commercial
  3. ) waste treatment: recovery of mobile nutrients, detoxification.
  4. )disturbance regulation: storm protection, flood control by vegetation.
  5. )water supply: storage and retention by watersheds, reservoirs.
  6. ) food production
  7. ) gas regulation
  8. ) recreation
  9. ) raw materials
  10. ) pollination
28
Q

How is the value of ecosystem services effected by % of ecosystem protection

A

Value increases

29
Q

Common property resources: why are they exploited

A

Common pool, public owned, open access, free, difficulty of exclusion: benefits go to users, costs shared by all. Overexploitation occurs when individual benefits exceeds share of cost.

30
Q

Why is there no technical solution to tragedy of the commons

A

“A technical solution may be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of mortality.” -Hardin

31
Q

Proposed solutions to Tragedy of the Commons

A

Coercion, laws, make it illegal/cheaper to do the right thing. Privatization.

32
Q

Flaws in Hardin (1968)

A
  1. ) population growth, a critical problem but not TOC.
  2. ) privatization as the only route to sustainability: does work, but not only solution. Just because property is owned, does not solve all issues: example being a pesticide treated lawn.
  3. ) overly pessimistic, thought TOC was inevitable
33
Q

Examples of within-species cooperation

A

> schools of fish (anti-predator)
man of war: individual polyps that form large defensive form.
primate grooming

34
Q

Examples of intra-species cooperation (humans)

A

recycling, giving blood, peace keeping, volunteering, etc. goes beyond concepts of natural selection, likely due to evolving in small societies

35
Q

Inter-species mutualism examples

A

> mitochondria within eukaryotic cells allows for aerobic respiration
relationship between flowering plants and root fungi: plant gains absorptive capacity from fungi, fungi gains carbohydrates.
pollination and seed dispersal

36
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma as tragedy of the commons

A

Best individual strategy is to over harvest, best mutual strategy is to harvest sustainably. Tells us over harvest is the best strategy, ethical/normal people will likely over harvest.

37
Q

How to encourage cooperation/sustainability?

A

-spatially structured environments help: TFT (tit for tat) takes over, cooperations sweeps neighborhoods. example being trench warfare in ww1:

38
Q

insights from prisoner’s dilemma:

A
  • make the world smaller: local, repeated interactions.
  • spacial structure.
  • memory: recognize neighbors.
  • punish defectors.
  • cooperate with those you trust.
  • eternal cooperators lead to defection, there must be pushback.
  • economic incentives: carbon taxes.
39
Q

4 major problems we have solved

A

DDT, eutrophication, acid rain, ozone hole.

40
Q

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle

A
  • No 2 species can exist on the same limiting resource.

- No 2 species can coexist in the same ecological niche

41
Q

Ecological niche

A

How a species uses the biotic and abiotic resources in the environment
-example being darwin’s finches, all fitting into eco niches

42
Q

Species have limited distributions because

A
  • habitats to which they are adapted may be limited (eco niches)
  • Evolutionary history: distribution, barriers to movement
43
Q

Transpant experiments

A

If successful: implies there are barriers t movement, not lack of habitat.
-local transplant experiments usually fail as they would already be established (except for fish in lakes)

44
Q

Transplants: how many become invasive

A

10% of introductions take, 1% become invasive

  • examples: rabbits in Australia caused major extinctions.
  • introductions of pigs, goats, rats: onto islands, cause bird extinctions bc they eat eggs
  • common reeds outcompete local plants
45
Q

Main threats to biodiversity in canada

A
  1. habitat loss

introduced species: #1 on islands, #3-4 mainland

46
Q

Species at risk act

A

-habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a species in critical endangerment is legally protected

47
Q

how does proximity to the equator affect biodiversity? why?

A

Increases closer to the equator 0 degree latitude. -Sunnier/warmer promotes more primary production–photosynthesis
-also older habitats

48
Q

What are the most threatened ecosystems?

A

Grasslands. Have become wheat fields, prairie species are endangered/extinct

49
Q

Area effect

A

Bigger islands have more species. Habitat diversity, big pops, bigger target for colonizing species

50
Q

Island Biogeography Theory

A

rate of immigration decreases with species richness. best dispersers are already there. Rate of extinction increases, populations decrease with competition.

51
Q

How proximity to mainland affects immigration

A

islands closer to mainland have higher rates of immigration, but identical rates of extinction to identical but further islands. extinction rate lower on larger islands bc bigger pops

52
Q

Main predictors of biodiversity

A

s (species richness) increases closer to equator, increases with area: (islands, ecological islands, mainland)

53
Q

10:50 rule

A

10% of area can protect 50% of biodiversity

54
Q

ecological Succession

A

changes in species over time within a community. structure becomes more complex over time.

55
Q

Stages of eco succession

A

pioneer species, seral stages, climax community

56
Q

Effects of disturbances

A

-removes climax species, changes population structure and available resources

57
Q

Disturbances: abiotic and biotic

A

abiotic: fires, storms, landslides
biotic: insect outbreaks

58
Q

at what frequency of disturbances is diversity highest?

A

intermediate, maximized diversity, species and early n late successional stages coexist

59
Q

do successions come to an end?

A

pioneer species are allowed to recolonize when there are gaps in the canopy: disturbance events make for climax communities to be very rare

60
Q

pioneer vs climax species traits

A

pioneer: better dispersers, weak competitors
climax: poor dispersers, good competitors

61
Q

disturbance based management

A

-balance between raw material harvest & biodiversity: heterogenity, biodiv, adaptive capacity

62
Q

Implications of species niches

A

no two competing sp. can exist on the same resources, when two have the same niche they will go extinct

63
Q

How does closeness to islands effect number of endemics

A

far islands from mainland: less immigration, more endemics

64
Q

Species area curves:

A

relationship between area of habitat and number of sp. in that area

65
Q

Benefits of buffer zones

A

decreases pollution, controls erosion, provides wild habitat. Shields residential zones from industrial accidents, nat disasters

66
Q

Solutions to fragmentation

A

more reserves, corridors, heterogenous habitats, round park shape, size variation, light tourism

67
Q

Centinelan extinctions

A

sp that go extinct w/o us knowing

BIO 205 Final (1 decks)

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