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Bio > Biol 205 > Flashcards

Biol 205 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

Sense strand (+ strand)
Has the same sequence as the mRNA

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2
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The non coding strand
Used to synthesized mRNA
Opposite of coding and mRNA strand

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3
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three letter code specific to the genetic code

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4
Q

What is the tRNA?

A

Type of RNA that assembles peptides from mRNA chain

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5
Q

What effect would a mutation have on the promoter?

A

Different expression pattern

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6
Q

What effect would a mutation have on the non-coding region?

A

It would be a silent mutation since the introns get spliced out

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7
Q

What are the types of mutations?

A

Non-sense, Missense, Frameshift and Silent

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8
Q

What is a non-sense mutations effect?

A

Premature stop codon

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9
Q

What is a missense mutations effect?

A

Change to the amino acid sequence

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10
Q

What is a framshift mutations effect?

A

Insertion or deletion, can lead to entire peptide changes

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11
Q

What is a silent mutations effect?

A

No change to the protein sequence

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12
Q

What are the ideal parameters for PCR primer?

A
  • Length 18-24 bp
  • 40-60% G+C content
  • Melting temp (Tm) 50-60 C
  • Primers should have a Tm w/in 5 degrees of each other
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13
Q

What is a recombinant DNA?

A
  • A DNA molec. generated in the lab that brings together pieces of DNA from multiple sources
  • Usually contain 2 pieces of DNA –> an engineered plasmid (vector) + gene of interest
  • Can be inserted into organisms to carry out specific functions
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14
Q

What is the plasmid?

A
  • (aka a vector) are engineered DNA molecs which have defined features for a specific function (protein expression, clonning, ect.)
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15
Q

What components do plasmid contain?

A
  • Promoter sequence (to express inserted gene)
  • Origin of replication (to amplify plasmid
  • Selectable marker (to select transformed bacteria)
  • Multiple cloning sites (MCS)(used to insert gene of interest)
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16
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A
  • Endonucleases that cleave phosphodiester bonds b/w nucleotides @ sepcific DNA sequences (often palendromic)
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17
Q

Explain cloning by restriction enzymes

A
  • Cleaving both vector + insert w/ one restriction site has no orientation
  • Using 2 sites results in only one possible orientation
  • Blunt cutters insert w/ no orientation
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18
Q

Explain cloning by PCR

A
  • First we amplify our gene of interest through PCR w/ primers that incorporate RE sites
  • After PCR, DNA can be cut w/ RE + subcloned into a vector
19
Q

What does the proofreading in transc?

A

DNA polymerase III
Works in the 3 -5 prime direction

20
Q

What do DNA gyrase, helicase and DNA polym I do respectively?

A
  • Prevent supercoilling
  • Unwind
  • Declave DNA
21
Q

Which has more replication origins, DNA or bact?

A

DNA
- bact has only one and humans have thousands

22
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

A

During the S phase of the cell cycle

23
Q

How does DNA know when to start replicating?

A

The machinery for replication requires specific proteins and those proteins are made during M and G1 phase

24
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

25
Q

What does telomerase do?

A

Carries short RNA molecs complementary to 3 prime overhang

26
Q

Why are caps important?

A
  • “protect” the telomere at the end of a chromosome
27
Q

Which is more stable RNA or DNA?

A
  • RNA is more reactive because of the “OH” group
  • “OH” is more reactive than “H”
28
Q

Which is more stable Uracil or Thymine?

A
  • Thymine because Uracil lacks a methyl group
29
Q

List all the reasons RNA is less stable

A
  • Single stranded
  • Uracil instead of thymine
  • Has an OH instead of an H group
30
Q

What is the role of mRNA’s?

A

Intermediary that passes information from DNA to protein

31
Q

What is the role of functional RNA

A

They don’t incode info to make protein. Instead the RNA itself is the final functional product

32
Q

What tells the proteins where to go in the promoter?

A

Sigma factors

33
Q

What is sigma 70?

A

Housekeeping transc factor, binds to promoter of genes that are always on in the cell. Euk have no sigma factors

34
Q

What are the only aa that have hydroxyl group?

A

Tyrosine, serine and threonine

35
Q

What are the internal proteins and why are they internal?

A

Nonpolar proteins (b/c they are hydrophobic)

36
Q

What are the externall proteins and why are they internal?

A

Polar/Uncharged (hydrophillic)
Polar/ post charged (binf DNA b/c DNA has net neg charge)
Polar Charged (reactive + can form w/ other nearby aa)

37
Q

What deternines how the protein will fold?

A

The R group

38
Q

What does determiens the role of the protein?

A

Its structure

39
Q

Are codons overlapping?

A

No they are no overlapping; each nucleotide is part of only one codon

40
Q

Is the codon continuous?

A

Yes it is continuous; its read from a fix starting point and continues uniterrupted to the end of the open reading frame

41
Q

How many letters make up a codon?

A

3

42
Q

What is the equation to determine the number pf combinations for a codon?

A

4^n
n= the number of codons

43
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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