BIOL 1408 UNIT 3 REVIEW Flashcards
Substrates
The reactants that bind to the enzyme
Products of Photosynthesis
Oxygen and Glucose
Light and Dark (Carbon) Reactions
Light: energy captured and converted to chemical energy
Dark: energy used to make sugar
Water in Photosynthesis
Needed to make sugar
a reactant
O2 comes from
Photosynthesis and Light Reactions
Light Dependent & Light Independent (Carbon) Reactions
Light Dependent: Sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and stored as chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)
Light Independent: ATP & NADPH from light dependent reaction is used to reduce CO2 and make glucose
Wavelength Absorption
Sun emits energy in waves
Short Wavelengths: high energy than long wavelengths
Rubisco
The Major Enzyme assimilating CO2 into the biosphere
Catalyzes the first reaction in the Carbon Cycle
CO2 fixation
Carbon is removed from molecules of CO2
Rubisco enzyme adds CO2 onto RuBp. Unstable six-carbon organic molecule is produced
RuBP
ribulose biphosphate: a five carbon carbohydrate that combines with CO2 to form two molecules of PGA in the first step of the Calvin Cycle
Cellular Respiration
Cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
Cell Respiration Energy Sources
uses glucose to produce ATP
Location of Photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Products of Cellular Respiration
Water and CO2
autotroph vs. heterotroph
autotroph: energy from sun
heterotroph: energy form eating organisms
Pigments in Photosynthesis
Molecules that capture energy from light
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment
Chlorophyll a and b
The energy source of photosynthesis
The sun
photons
packets of light energy
Thylakoid
several stacks of membranes in a chloroplast
located in chloroplast
Granum
once of the stacks of pigment containing thylakoid
located in chloroplast
H2O oxidation in PSII
uses sunlight energy to oxidize water
produces oxygen, protons and electrons
Chloroplasts
capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
located in mesophyll
PSII & PSI products
1 creates ATP
2 creates NADPH and uses electrons to reduce NADP to NADPH
Stomata
small opening through which the exchange of gases occur
closed during hot, dry weather to conserve water
open at night, in cool moist air to avoid photorespiration
Importance role in C3/C4/CAM plants
c3: fix carbon dioxide
c4: cycles carbon dioxide into four carbon sugar compounds
CAM: stomata opens at night, CO2 diffuses into lead and combines with PEP and forms malate
role of mitochondria
performs cellular respiration
pyruvate oxidation, Kreb/Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport
Glucose formular
C6H12O6
Why cell respiration is in a sequential order of steps
it needs to occur step by step or else it would be too much energy to harness
Glycolysis products
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADPH
3 parts of cellular respiration and where they occur
glycolysis in Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle in mitochondria
electron transport chain in mitochondria
who are the electron carrier molecules
NAD
picks up electrons forming two molecules of NADH
final electron acceptor on ETC
oxygen
ATP synthase
the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Gross vs. Net ATP production in glycolysis
Gross: 4 ATP
Net: 2 ATP
Products of each of the 3 steps of glycolysis
Glycolysis: glucose splits in half forming pyruvate, ATP, and NADPH
Krebs: Derivative of pyruvate is oxidized; CO2 is released
ETC: energy from electrons is used to form ATP
ETC and Proton gradient
energy released forms a proton gradient which is used to make large amounts of ATP by protein ATP-Synthase
Fermentation Review
Glycolysis produces ATP and regenerates NAD
requires pyruvate from glycolysis and oxidizes NADH to form NAD
Pyruvate is converted to alcohol, lactic acids. Microbes like yeast produce enzymes for alcohol fermentation
