BIOL 1406 Ch. 5-6 Flashcards
Who is Anton von Leeuwenhoek?
Discovered red blood cells
What are cells? What is the modern cell theory of life?
Robert Hooke invented the modern cell theory
What is the animal cell theory?
that living organisms are made up of cells
What is the plant cell theory?
Plant Cell Theory: all plants are made of cells
What is the importance of the microscope?
used to examine objects at a very small scale
What are the basic features of all cells?
All cells have a cell membrane and are composed of phospholipids
All have ribosomes and go through protein synthesis
All have a cytoplasm including cytosol-fluid
Who is Robert Hooke?
invented the modern cell theory
Who is Mathias Schedian?
Plant Cell Theory: all plants are made of cells
What are the two cell types? What are their functions? What are their structural differences?
Eukaryotic: Flagellum
Centrosome
Nucleus parts of the nucleus: {Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatain}
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Microvilli
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Rough ER, Smooth ER
DNA is inside the nucleus, with two or more linear chromosomes
46 chromosomes- from each parent
Prokaryotic: “before nucleus”: no nucleus (General Structure)
Bacterial chromosome
Fimbriae
Nucleoid - find a single circular chromosome NAKED (exposed DNA)
Ribosomes - float around in the cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Cytoplasm - mostly water, appears the same throughout (homogenous)
Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory?
Dr. Lynn Margals; origin of the mitochondria
Is symbiotic (living together)
What is the difference between mitochondrian and mitochondria?
Mitochondrian (singular): has a double membrane in which the inner layer folds inwards to form layers that are called cristae
Mitochondria (plural): membrane-bound organelles
“the powerhouse of the cell;” provides energy and produces ATP through cellular respiration
What is the chloroplast? Where is it located and what is its function?
Ribosomes, Stroma, Inner and outer membranes, Granum, Thylakoid, Intermembrane space, DNA
- Where photosynthesis occurs
-Plants and algae
What is binary fission?
When the cell divides symmetrically.
What is nuclear DNA?
encodes the primary structure of proteins, consisting of the basic amino acid sequence
What is D-Eukaryotic? Anamalia kingdom?
is the hereditary material present in all organisms
What is the matrix?
is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism’s cells
What is the cytoskeleton?
“zipline” from one organelle to the next
Composed of three types of molecular structures
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments
Functions: Structural support, gives them their shape for cells that don’t have a cell wall
Vesicle walking, Motor proteins walk vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers
Used to be a defying characteristic of eukaryotes, but they are found in both
What does a hydrogen bond hold?
hold complementary strands of DNA together
What are the different types of protein structures and their functions?
- Primary Structure - amino acid sequence in a polypeptide
- Secondary Structure - a (alpha) helix; hydrogen bond, B (beta) helix; hydrogen bond
- Tertiary Structure - protein folding hydrogen bond; sulfur bridges, ionic bonds
- Quaternary Structure - arrangement of polypeptide sub unit
What is the denaturation of a protein?
cell begins to lose shape, the process of a protein losing its functional shape
What is the role of nucleic acids?
stores genetic information in biological systems along with creating DNA and RNA
What is the renaturation of a protein?
the process by which flat or denatured proteins can be returned to the native state
What are the 4 groups of biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the function of carbohydrates and their functions?
One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is to provide your body with energy
