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BIOL 1406 > BIOL 1406 Ch. 5-6 > Flashcards

BIOL 1406 Ch. 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Anton von Leeuwenhoek?

A

Discovered red blood cells

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2
Q

What are cells? What is the modern cell theory of life?

A

Robert Hooke invented the modern cell theory

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3
Q

What is the animal cell theory?

A

that living organisms are made up of cells

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4
Q

What is the plant cell theory?

A

Plant Cell Theory: all plants are made of cells

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5
Q

What is the importance of the microscope?

A

used to examine objects at a very small scale

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6
Q

What are the basic features of all cells?

A

All cells have a cell membrane and are composed of phospholipids
All have ribosomes and go through protein synthesis
All have a cytoplasm including cytosol-fluid

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7
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

invented the modern cell theory

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8
Q

Who is Mathias Schedian?

A

Plant Cell Theory: all plants are made of cells

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9
Q

What are the two cell types? What are their functions? What are their structural differences?

A

Eukaryotic: Flagellum
Centrosome
Nucleus parts of the nucleus: {Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatain}
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Microvilli
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Rough ER, Smooth ER
DNA is inside the nucleus, with two or more linear chromosomes
46 chromosomes- from each parent

Prokaryotic: “before nucleus”: no nucleus (General Structure)
Bacterial chromosome
Fimbriae
Nucleoid - find a single circular chromosome NAKED (exposed DNA)
Ribosomes - float around in the cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Cytoplasm - mostly water, appears the same throughout (homogenous)

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10
Q

Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Dr. Lynn Margals; origin of the mitochondria
Is symbiotic (living together)

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11
Q

What is the difference between mitochondrian and mitochondria?

A

Mitochondrian (singular): has a double membrane in which the inner layer folds inwards to form layers that are called cristae
Mitochondria (plural): membrane-bound organelles
“the powerhouse of the cell;” provides energy and produces ATP through cellular respiration

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12
Q

What is the chloroplast? Where is it located and what is its function?

A

Ribosomes, Stroma, Inner and outer membranes, Granum, Thylakoid, Intermembrane space, DNA
- Where photosynthesis occurs
-Plants and algae

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13
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When the cell divides symmetrically.

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14
Q

What is nuclear DNA?

A

encodes the primary structure of proteins, consisting of the basic amino acid sequence

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15
Q

What is D-Eukaryotic? Anamalia kingdom?

A

is the hereditary material present in all organisms

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16
Q

What is the matrix?

A

is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism’s cells

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17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

“zipline” from one organelle to the next
Composed of three types of molecular structures
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments
Functions: Structural support, gives them their shape for cells that don’t have a cell wall
Vesicle walking, Motor proteins walk vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers
Used to be a defying characteristic of eukaryotes, but they are found in both

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18
Q

What does a hydrogen bond hold?

A

hold complementary strands of DNA together

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19
Q

What are the different types of protein structures and their functions?

A
  1. Primary Structure - amino acid sequence in a polypeptide
  2. Secondary Structure - a (alpha) helix; hydrogen bond, B (beta) helix; hydrogen bond
  3. Tertiary Structure - protein folding hydrogen bond; sulfur bridges, ionic bonds
  4. Quaternary Structure - arrangement of polypeptide sub unit
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20
Q

What is the denaturation of a protein?

A

cell begins to lose shape, the process of a protein losing its functional shape

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21
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids?

A

stores genetic information in biological systems along with creating DNA and RNA

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22
Q

What is the renaturation of a protein?

A

the process by which flat or denatured proteins can be returned to the native state

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23
Q

What are the 4 groups of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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24
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates and their functions?

A

One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is to provide your body with energy

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25
Q

What are the function of lipids and its function?

A

While glycogen provides a ready source of energy, lipids primarily function as an energy reserve

26
Q

What is the function of proteins and its function?

A

They act as receptors on cell membranes Proteins are essential components of all the cell membranes and membranes of the organelles

27
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids and it’s function?

A

(4th group of the biological molecules)
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
Gene expression

28
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

A

Has COO-, +H3N, carbon, hydrogen

29
Q

What are cellular respiration and its function?

A

oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate energy.

30
Q

What are the monomers of each biological molecules?

A

Monomers: Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino acids ****

31
Q

How are biological molecules made?

A

Each type of biological molecule is made up of different monomers. The monomers are connected together into a chain by strong covalent bonds.

32
Q

What are monosaccharides? What is its function?

A

Monosaccharides are used to produce and store energy

33
Q

What are disaccharides? What are their functions?

A

Is two sugars and is classified as “temporary storage.”

34
Q

Why do we go through hydrolysis?

A

used to break down compounds into smaller fractions or parts for manufacturing

35
Q

What is a ribosome? What is its function?

A
36
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

a type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane

37
Q

What are peptide bonds and their functions?

A

the bond between two amino acids

38
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

Chain of many (+4) peptide bonds

39
Q

What is the structure of a protein?

A

is the structure of that protein, determines the shape of the protein which is critical to its function

40
Q

What is an a (alpha) carbon?

A

is the “backbone”

41
Q

What is an Ester linkage?

A

key components of lipids and is the bond between the glycerol and fatty acids in lipids between an oxygen molecule and a carbon molecule

42
Q

What is the difference between saturated v. unsaturated?

A

This means “many sugars”

43
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

is a long chain of carbohydrates whose molecules consist of numerous sugar molecules bonded together by glycosidic linkages

44
Q

What is the difference between saturated v. unsaturated?

A

Saturated fat: A lipid in which every carbon molecule has four bonds coming off of it.
Unsaturated fat: A lipid in which not every carbon has four bonds coming off of it. Creates a bend in the molecule. Is more unhealthy in foods.

45
Q

Why was the development of the Germ Theory of Disease important? Who founded it?

A
46
Q

Who is Theodore Schwann? What did he discover?

A

A founder of the cell theory

47
Q

What are the 3 different types of membranes?

A

The inner membrane, outer membrane, and **

Outer membrane: forms folds due to its large quantity

48
Q

What is Thylakoid? What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

Thylakoids are singular membranes and a stack of them is called Granum

49
Q

What are the reactions that occur in thylakoids?

A

one reaction captures the light pigments and the

50
Q

What are endosymbiosis and its function?

A

the co-existence of living matter where one organism lives within the body or within the cells of another organism

51
Q

What are symbiosis and its function?

A

to close and often long-term interactions between organisms of different species

52
Q

What are the endomembrane and its functions?

A

is a collection of membranes and organelles found in eukaryotic cells that works to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

53
Q

What are nuclear pores and their functions?

A

Transport proteins that allow specific material to come in and out of the nucleus

54
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

is the genetic control center of the cell and DNA is stored there even though some of the genetic material is outside of the cell

55
Q

What are chromatin fibers?

A

Composed of DNA and hystoproteins; DNA forms to proteins and develops chromatin

56
Q

What is the Cistum?

A

Collection site

57
Q

Why is the nucleus called the genetic control center?

A

Controls the function of the genetic DNA

58
Q

Why is the nucleus called the genetic control center?

A

Controls the function of the genetic DNA

59
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

a covalent bond between two monosaccharides

59
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

a covalent bond between two monosaccharides

59
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

4 sub-units
2 beta sub-units, 2 alpha sub-units
Hemoglobin makes energy

60
Q

What is commensalism?

A

on or in the host; on benefits but the other neither benefit or harm

BIOL 1406 (6 decks)

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