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Kin 132 > BIOL 121 > Flashcards

BIOL 121 Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a double stranded molecule shaped like a spiral ladder

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes are small sections of DNA that code for a specific protein

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3
Q

What does the Human Genome Project estimate?

A
  • humans have 20-25k protein coding genes
  • ranges in size from a few hundred to over 2 million
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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • observable physical properties of an organism
  • physiological, morphological, behavioural
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5
Q

What are alleles? What are they responsible for?

A
  • Alleles are different versions of the same genes
  • they are responsible for variation in inherited traits
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6
Q

Alleles rise due to what?

A

Mutations in the DNA

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7
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA

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8
Q

A mutation may be as small as …

A

a change in one nucleotide/step

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9
Q

Types of mutation include:

A
  • substitution
  • insertion
  • deletion
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10
Q

How can mutation be caused?

A
  • due to mistakes when DNA is replicating
  • environmental factors that damage DNA (UV)
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11
Q

Explain why white black bears exist

A
  • single nucleotide substitution of Adenine for Guanine in the mc1r gene
  • protein produced by this new allele was non-functional
  • resulted in white instead of black fur
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12
Q

What is sickle cell disease caused by?

A

A SNiP in the beta-globin gene

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13
Q

Explain the sickle cell disease (mutation and outcome)

A
  • 6th amino acid is valine instead of glutamic acid, affecting the shape (function) of Hb
  • results in red blood cells turning sickle-shaped
  • negative effects on oxygen carrying capacity
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14
Q

What is DNA packaged into?

A

Chromosomes

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15
Q

Where are chromosomes located in?

A
  • nucleus of somatic cells
  • gametes
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16
Q

What are somatic cells? Give examples.

A
  • all cells int he body that aren’t sperm and egg cells
  • examples include cells of internal organs, skin, bones, blood, connective tissue …
17
Q

What are gametes? How are they produced?

A
  • reproductive cells produced by sexually reproducing organisms
  • produced via meiosis
18
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A
  • typically 46 total chromosomes
19
Q

Human somatic cells typically have how many pairs of chromosomes?

A
  • 23 total pairs
  • 22 pairs of autosomes
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes
20
Q

Why do you have 23 pairs of chromosomes?

A
  • you inherit one set of 23 chromosomes from your mom
  • you inherit one set of 23 chromosomes from your dad
  • in total you have 46 chromosomes OR 23 pairs
21
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes are a matched pair of chromosomes

22
Q

What do homologs have in common? Differ?

A
  • they are the same size and have the exact same centromere location
  • they carry the same sequence of genes
  • may carry different alleles
23
Q

What is a centromere?

A
  • the constriction point on a chromosome, which divides into two arms
24
Q

What is a locus?

A

A specific location on a specific chromosome

25
Q

What is a ploidy?

A

The number of each type of chromosome present
(number of copies of each chromosome type)

26
Q

What is a haploid, diploid, and polypoid?

A
  • haploid =1 of each type of chromosome
  • diploid = 2 of each type of chromosome
  • polypoid = 3 or more of each type of chromosome
27
Q

What is the haploid number for our cells?

A

2n=46
n=23

28
Q

Polyploidy is common in what?

A

Common in plants

29
Q

What does the term genome mean?

A

It refers to the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell

30
Q

Why is the genome important?

A

It provides all the information that an organism requires to function

31
Q

What is unreplicated chromosome?

A
32
Q

Explain the term “replicated chromosome” in terms of sister chromatids

A
  • replicated DNA consists of 2 identical chromatids
  • the 2 sister chromatids should carry the same allele
33
Q

Define chromatid

A

One DNA molecule

34
Q

What is a homozygous genotype?

A

same alleles of a gene (BB or bb)

35
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

different alleles of a gene (Bb)

Kin 132 (2 decks)

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