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BIOL 1191 - Notes > BIOL 1191 - Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue COPY > Flashcards

BIOL 1191 - Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue COPY Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

helps all parts of the body to communicate with each other; works with the endocrine system to regulate and maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

what does the nervous system use?

A

specialized cells, electrical and chemical means to detect and respond to internal and external changes in a cell’s environment

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3
Q

detection + Response = ?

A

integration; special cells can be excited to generate nerve impulses

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4
Q

what does the nervous system determine?

A

human perception, memory, behavior, and movement

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5
Q

what are the three functions of the nervous system?

A

sensory, integrative, and motor function

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6
Q

what is the nervous system sensory function?

A

sensory neurons (receptors) detect changes in the internal and external environment

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7
Q

what is the nervous system integrative function?

A

interneurons analyze incoming sensory information, store some information, make decisions regarding appropriate behaviours

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8
Q

what is the nervous system motor function?

A

motor neurons initiate appropriate responses to stimuli by activating effectors such as muscles and glands

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9
Q

what are the two main branches of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

what are the specific components of the PNS?

A

all nervous tissue outside of the CNS, cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs), and sensory receptors

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11
Q

what are sensory receptors?

A

found in the PNS, and is a structure in the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment

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12
Q

what divisions is the PNS divided into?

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions

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13
Q

what is the sensory (afferent) division in the PNS?

A

provides CNS with sensory info about somatic senses (tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive) and special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium).

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14
Q

what is the motor (efferent) division in the PNS?

A

converys output from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).

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15
Q

what is the motor (efferent) division further SUBDIVIDED into?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the motor division that relays outputs from the CNS to only skeletal muscles; voluntary

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17
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

a subdivision of the PNS’ motor division. Relays output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, and is involuntary

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18
Q

what are the branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic typically innervate the same effectors, but have opposing actions. Enteric plexuses regulates the activity of the smooth muscles and glands of the digestive canal

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19
Q

what are neurons?

A

functional, electrically excitable cellular structures that generate nerve impulses (action potentials), and does NOT undergo mitotic division

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20
Q

what is neuroglia?

A

support, protect, and nourish neurons and maintain interstitial fluid, and can undergo mitotic cell division

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21
Q

what is a nerve made out of?

A

a nerve is a bundle of 100-100s of axons (plus connective tissues and blood vessels) OUTSIDE of the brain or spinal cord. Nerves are apart of the PNS

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22
Q

what are neurons?

A

the functional unit of the nervous system and connects all regions of the body to the body to the brain and spinal cord. They are electrically excitable and generate nerve impulses (action potentials) in response to a stimulus; transmits signals from one cell to another through APs

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23
Q

what are the parts of a neuron?

A

cell body (soma): nucleus, nissl bodies, ribosomes, neurofibrils, microtubules, mitchondrion
cell processes: dendrites, axons

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24
Q

what are dendrites?

A

short, branched, and unmyelinated processes of the neuron. Has neurofibrils and nissl bodies

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25
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

It is the receiving part of the neuron and conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body; makes contact with other cells and contains numerous receptor sites from binding chemical messengers from other cells

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26
Q

what are axons?

A

single, long processes that act as a trigger zone for action potentials in a neuron. Contains axoplasm (cytoplasm) and is surrounded by the axolemma (plasma membrane). End in fine processes called axon terminals with synaptic end bulbs that contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters

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27
Q

what is the function of axons?

A

conducts nerve impulses (APs) away from the cell body to other neurons, muscle, or gland cells

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28
Q

what is a nucleus?

A

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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29
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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30
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

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31
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

32
Q

how is the structural classification of neurons determined by?

A

it is based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

33
Q

what are the three structural classifications of a neuron

A

multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons

34
Q

what is a multipolar neuron?

A

several dendrites, but only one axon; all motor neurons and most CNS neurons (interneurons are multipolar)

35
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

one dendrite and one axon; can be found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, olfactory area of the brain

36
Q

what are pseudounipolar/unipolar neurons?

A

one fused dendrite and axon; dendrites act as sensory receptors for stimulus of somatic senses

37
Q

what are the three functional classifications of neurons

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons

38
Q

what are sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

forms nerve impulses in response to stimuli. sends impulse to the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves

39
Q

what are motor (efferent) neurons?

A

sends commands from the CNS to muscles and glands (effectors) through spinal and cranial nerves

40
Q

what are interneurons?

A

processes incoming sensory information and initiates motor response; connects sensory to motor neurons in the CNS

41
Q

what is neuroglia?

A

makes up half the volume of the CNS, smaller than neurons and more numerous, undergoes mitotic cell division, and isn’t electrically excitable

42
Q

what is the function of neuroglia?

A

support, protect, nourish neurons, and maintain interstitial fluid

43
Q

which neuroglial cells are found in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial and ependymal cells

44
Q

which neuroglial cells are found in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

45
Q

what is the structure of astrocytes?

A

largest and most numerous neuroglial cells, star-shaped, and processes contact with other cells
protoplasmic astrocytes: short, branching processes
fibrous astrocytes: long unbranched processes

46
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

provide structural support for neurons, processes help form the blood-brain barrier, regulate ion and neurotransmitter concentrations in the interstitial fluid, help in the formation of neural synapse (site of nerve impulse transmission) and regulate chemicals needed for neuron development in embryos

47
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

neuroglial cells, smaller than astrocytes and has fewer processes. It forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons; one oligodendrocytes can myelinate several CNS axons

48
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

small neuroglial cells with slender processes. they are phagocytic cells, refine synapses during development using phagocytosis; the immune cells of the CNS

49
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

neuroglial cells with a cuboidal/columnar shape that contain microvilli and cilia. It is the epithelial membrane that lines ventricles of the brains and central canal of the spinal cord; produces cerebrospinal fluid and forms blood-csf barrier

50
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

neuroglial cells that surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS; provides support for neurons, and regulates the exchange of material between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

51
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

enclose axons in the PNS, and has cytoplasm and nucleus

52
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

it electrically insulates axons and increases the speed of nerve impulses (coordination)

53
Q

what are the functions of schwann cells?

A

forms the myelin sheath around some axons, helps with axon regeneration. Gaps between myelin sheaths (nodes of Ranvier) occur along axon between schwann cells

54
Q

what is the function of neurolemma in the PNS?

A

aids in regeneration of neuroglial cells

55
Q

which neuroglial cells are schwann cells analogous to?

A

oligodendrocytes

56
Q

what is white matter?

A

primarily myelinated axons

57
Q

what is grey matter?

A

cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, nissl bodies

58
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A

they are electrically excitable, so they communicate with each other using electrical signals

59
Q

how can nerve cells be excitable?

A
  1. the plasma membrane has a resting membrane potential
    → the cell is polarized (negatively charged) due to unequal distribution, or movement of ions across the cell membrane
  2. the presence of specific types of ion channels
60
Q

what are the two types of electrical signals neurons use?

A

graded potentials: short-distance communication
action potentials: long-distance communication

61
Q

what are leak channels?

A

a type of ion channel that randomly opens and closes. There are more potassium (K+) channels than sodium (Na+) channels

62
Q

what are ligand-gated channels?

A

an ion channel that opens and closes in response to a chemical (ligand) stimulus that binds to a receptor
→ neuromuscular junction

63
Q

what are mechanically gated channels?

A

ion channels that opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulus
→ vibration or pressure

64
Q

what are voltage gated channels?

A

an ion channel that opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage)
→ sarcoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

what are the two types of action potential propagation

A

continuous conduction: step by step along the axon, unmyelinated, slower, and has an even distribution of gated channels
saltatory conduction: leap from gap-to-gap along the axon, myelinated, energy efficient, faster, uneven distribution of channels

66
Q

what is a synapse?

A

the region where communication occurs between two neurons of between a neuron and an effector cell (muscle or glandular cell)

67
Q

what is an electrical synapse?

A

and ionic current spread to the next cell through gap junctions
→ faster, capable of synchronizing groups of cells/neurons
→ common in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the developing
embryo

68
Q

what is a chemical synapse?

A

the plasma membranes of cells do not touch and are separated by the synaptic cleft
→ one way information transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell
→ involves neurotransmitters and receptors

69
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

neurotransmitters from several end bulbs onto one neuron

70
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

neurotransmitters released from 2 or more firings of the same end bulb in rapid succession

71
Q

what are the 2 types of electrical signals?

A

graded and action potentials

72
Q

what are the 2 types of graded potentials?

A

hyperpolarizing and depolarizing graded potentials

73
Q

Why does a stronger stimulus lead to a larger graded potential than a weaker stimulus?

A

a weaker stimulus will allow fewer ions to pass through, larger stimulus’ will do the opposite; it’s mainly determined on how many ions are present, and how long the ion channels will stay open

74
Q

what does graded mean?

A

vary in amplitude depending on the strength of the stimulus

75
Q

what is a synapse, and what are the 2 types of synapses?

A

the region where communication occurs between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell; electrical and chemical synapses

76
Q

what is an electrical synapse?

A

an ionic current spread to the next cell through gap junctions; these synapses are faster, and capable of synchronizing groups of cells/neurons. common in smooth, cardiac muscle, and the developing embryo

77
Q

what is a chemical synapse?

A

the plasma membranes of cells don’t touch and are separated by a synaptic cleft; it is a one way information transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. involves neurotransmitters and receptors

BIOL 1191 - Notes (2 decks)

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