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BIOL 102 > BIOL > Flashcards

BIOL Flashcards

1
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement about nature that can be tested by experiments or by new observations

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2
Q

controlled experiment

A

researcher sets up several groups to be tested, keeping the conditions and set up as similar as possible from one group to the next

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3
Q

variable

A

the feature of an experiment that is changed by the experimenter from one treatment to the next

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4
Q

test group

A

the experimenter group that is exposed to the variable in an experiment

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5
Q

control group

A

the group that is NOT exposed to the variable

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6
Q

scientific method

A

using observations to generate a hypothesis and then making predictions based on that hypothesis

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7
Q

scientific inquiry

A

a deliberate, systematic, careful, and unbiased way of learning about the natural world around us

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8
Q

theory

A

a general explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many experiments and observations

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9
Q

1st step to research

A

observations, prior knowledge, article reviews

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10
Q

2nd step

A

creating a hypothesis and predictions

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11
Q

research hypothesis Ha-

A

a plausible and testable general explanation for a phenomena

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12
Q

null hypothesis

A

Ho- no change

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13
Q

predictions

A

specific outcomes for the particular experiment/ observations designed to the Ha

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14
Q

3rd step

A

design a study (experimental, observational, meta-analysis, model)

location, species, treatments, control, replicates, variables

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15
Q

4th step part 1

A

collecting data

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16
Q

4th step part 2

A

quantifying the data

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17
Q

4th step part 3

A

statistical analysis

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18
Q

4th step part 4

A

draw ideas from the analysis

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19
Q

5th step

A

drawing an evidence based conclusion from the data

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20
Q

final step

A

share/communicate findings

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21
Q

evolution

A

changes in the genetic makeup of populations overtime, sometime resulting in adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species

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22
Q

variation categories:

A

environmental: due to the differences in the environment
genetic: differences in genotype among individuals in a population

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23
Q

what do experiments do?

A

helps in laboratory evolution understand how life works and they have an immensely important practical side

24
Q

fossils provide….

A

strong complementary insights into evolutionary history

25
Q

3 things that fossils do:

A
  1. fossils enable us to calibrate phylogenies in terms of time
  2. provide our only record of distinct species
  3. they place evolutionary events within the context of Earth’s dynamic environment history
26
Q

what are fossils?

A

remains of once-living organisms preserved through time in sedimentary rock

27
Q

fossils give us..

A

provide us direct documentation of ancient life

28
Q

fossilization requires….

A

burial (accumulation of sediments from sand or mud on soil harden in sedimentary rocks)

29
Q

What properties will determine the probability that an ancient species will be part of the fossil record?

A

properties of organisms and environment

30
Q

trace fossils

A

tracks and trails left by animal as it moves or burrows into sediments

31
Q

molecular fossils

A

sterols, bacterial lipids, some pigment molecules, which are relatively resistant to decomposition

32
Q

what did darwin and wallace hypothesize?

A

that species evolve due to the changes in population from one generation to the next (concept of shared ancestry)

33
Q

darwin observed:

A

diversity of life, similar/differences between species, similar/differences between habitats

34
Q

artificial selection:

A

humans decide who survive and reproduce and who doesnt

35
Q

key impacts of natural selection:

A

concept of shared ancestry between species

focus on populations changing

provides mechanisms by which change occurs

can apply theory to make and test scientific predictions

36
Q

adaptations:

A

anatomical, physiological, or behavior tratits that are hereditary, increase survival and reproduction, is functional, increases fitness and the population has a variation.

37
Q

analogous traits

A

similar traits, face similar obstacles

38
Q

vestigal traits

A

apendex in humans

39
Q

conclusions from mendel:

A

genes are passed down from parent to offspring

alleles segregate- parents passes 1 allele to offspring at random

within a single individual, alleles of a gene occur in pairs

both parents contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring

some alleles are dominant in expression to others

40
Q

central dogma of biology

A

explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system

41
Q

somatic mutations

A

body tissue nonreproductive cells (cancer) cant be passed down

42
Q

germ-line mutations

A

reproductive cells; can be passed down

43
Q

mutations occurs….

A

throughout the genome randomly

44
Q

deleterious

A

harmful

45
Q

advantageous

A

beneficial; improve their carriers chances of survival or reproductions

46
Q

mutations

A

sources of genetic variation

47
Q

allele frequencies give us

A

information about genetic variation

48
Q

assumptions of HW E?

A
  1. no natural selection
  2. large population
  3. no migration
  4. no mutations
  5. random mating
  6. no genetic drift
49
Q

population in the HW e?

A

all alleles are equal

50
Q

proportion recessive phenotype is always ________

A

q2

51
Q

p is always proportion of ________ in gene pool

A

dominant

52
Q

q is always proportion of ________ in gene pool

A

recessive

53
Q

p+q is always equal to _____

A

1

54
Q

sum of all genotypes is equal to ______

A

1

55
Q

directional selection

A

one survives better than the other

expected:
AA-0.25
Aa- 0.50
aa-0.25

observed:
AA- 0.35
Aa- 0.45
aa- 0.10

change in AA gets better has has better survival

56
Q

stabilizing selection (best for natural selection)

A

decrease in variation in population average phenotype

expected:
AA-0.25
Aa- 0.50
aa-0.25

observed:
AA-0.20
Aa- 0.65
aa- 0.15

Aa hetero has better survival

57
Q

disruptive selection

A

acts against the average phenotype; more homo individuals than hetero

expected:
AA-0.25
AB-0.50
BB- 0.25

Observed:
AA-0.35
AB-0.30
BB- 0.35

against the hetero decreases

BIOL 102 (2 decks)

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