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CHEM 1211 > BIOL 1108 Unit 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 1108 Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dynamic equilibrium (Homeostasis)

A

Conditions vary around a central tendency but never a
constant condition; an acceptable range
rather than a point

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2
Q

Regulators

A

Keep internal conditions fairly constant

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3
Q

Regulator benefits

A

Wide range of habitats, enzymes work optimally

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4
Q

Regulator costs

A

Takes lots of energy to maintain

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5
Q

Conformers

A

Match internal environment to external environment

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6
Q

Conformer benefits

A

Less energy, narrow range of habitats

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7
Q

Conformer costs

A

Enzymes might not always act optimally, and limited
environmental range

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8
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Temperature control can range from regulators to conformers; specific chemical reactions and enzyme functions can only occur at a specific temperature

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9
Q

Endotherm

A

Temperature can be controlled by metabolism; can use any other method of thermoregulatory adaptation

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10
Q

Ectotherm

A

Heat source is primarily from environment; cannot alter metabolic rate but can do everything else to help regulate temperature

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11
Q

Homeotherm

A

Internal temperature is stable within a small range; includes all endotherms and some ectotherms

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12
Q

Poikilotherm

A

Doesn’t need internal temperature to be consistent; majority of ectotherms

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13
Q

Adaptations to regulate temperature if too hot (morphological, physiological, behavioral)

A

Sweat, vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels), panting, shedding, burrowing, heat dissipation through large ears, shade, swimming, light-colored skin, nocturnal

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14
Q

Adaptations to regulate temperature if too cold (morphological, physiological, behavioral)

A

Blubber, hibernation, fur, shivering, vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), goosebumps, limit blood flow to extremes

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15
Q

Negative feedback cycle

A

Disturbances that promote changes that lead back towards equilibrium (rollercoaster of overshooting & undershooting)

Ex: Predator / Prey cycles

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16
Q

Positive feedback

A

Disturbances that promote further change toward an extreme (Build, build, build, CRASH)

Ex: Hormones in labor, avalanche, climate change feedbacks

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17
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but NEVER destroyed

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18
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (disorder of energy)

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19
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

What will give an organism the most amount of energy for the least amount of time and energy spent

20
Q

Prey Switching

A

When an organism overconsumes its preffered prey and moves on to the next preferred

Otter prey items in order:
1 - Cancer Crabs
2 - Abalone
3 - Urchins
4 - Kelp Crabs

21
Q

Trophic Levels

A

Where an organism is in the food chain; how far it is energetically removed from photosynthesis

22
Q

Kelp -> Sea Urchin -> Otter dynamic

A

If one goes extinct, then the other will reproduce without regulation from predators, taking over the ecosystem and lowering biodiversity

23
Q

Top-down food web regulation

A

Predation by higher trophic levels affects the accumulation of biomass at lower trophic levels.

Ex: Kelp Forests

24
Q

Bottom-up food web regulation

A

Lower trophic level in food web affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction

Ex: Sonoran Desert

25
Q

Trophic cascade

A

When predators limit the density / behavior of prey, enhancing survival of next lower trophic level.

Ex: Urchin Barren

26
Q

Apex predator

A

Top predator that does not have anything that has it as prey

Ex: Killer Whales

27
Q

Keystone species

A

Essential to an ecosystem relative to its population size

Ex: In kelp forests = ALWAYS Sea Otters

28
Q

Kelp forest history

A

Pre-1800s otters, were being hunted for their fur, leading to urchin barrens, early 1900s, kelp forest locations were protected by law and were able to have kelp and sea otters reintroduced into the ecosystem to help it grow.

29
Q

Percentage of energy lost as energy moves up trophic levels

A

90%

30
Q

What moves through food webs

A

Energy, Carbon, Toxins, Pollutants, Biomass

31
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Increasing toxicity with age / building up in an organism

32
Q

Biomagnification

A

Toxicity concentrations increase as you move up trophic levels (prey contains pollutants)

33
Q

Eutrophication

A

When an aquatic environment becomes enriched with nutrients (usually due to runoff), increasing the amount of plant and algae growth

34
Q

Eutrophication events order

A

1 - Runoff brings excess N & P into waterways
2 - Aquatic plants and algae grow
3 - Dissolved oxygen (dO2) increases
4 - Algae reach carrying capacity (K) as nutrient resources become limiting
5 - Algae die and decompose
6 - Oxygen is consumed, and dO2 drops
7 - Water becomes hypoxic or anoxic
8 - Animals move or die from lack of O2

35
Q

Why do smaller organisms loose more heat than larger ones?

A

The smaller an animal is, the higher the surface area-to-volume ratio

36
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

A reduction in pH of ocean, caused primarily by uptake of (CO2) from atmosphere

37
Q

Why is decreased pH bad?

A

Creates conditions that eat away at minerals used by oysters, clams, lobsters, shrimp, coral reefs, and other marine life to build their shells and skeletons.

38
Q

What month are greenhouse gases lowest?

A

September

39
Q

What month are greenhouse gases highest?

A

May

40
Q

January 2023 CO2 concentration

A

419ppm

41
Q

Water vapor feedback

A

Positive feedback loop that increases water vapor through an indirect increase in CO2

Increasing CO2 -> Global warming -> Increased water vapor

42
Q

Ocean CO2 feedback

A

Positive feedback loops that decrease the ability of the ocean to remove CO2 from the atmosphere with increasing temperatures; colder temperatures hold more dCO2 (kelp forests)

43
Q

Albedo feedback

A

Positive feedback loop that as there is less ice and it melts due to warming, albedo is dropping as well

44
Q

Methane-Permafrost feedback

A

Positive feedback loop that when permafrost melts with “ancient” methane it is released into the atmosphere; dangerous because methane has a very high Global Warming Potential (GWP)

45
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from atmosphere into organisms on Earth and back into atmosphere

CHEM 1211 (2 decks)

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