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Biology 1107 > Biol 1107 test 1 > Flashcards

Biol 1107 test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Molecules include what four nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

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2
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What two nucleotides are purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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4
Q

What two nucleotides are pyrimdines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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5
Q

What is a purine?

A

Large two carbon ringed nucleotides

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6
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

a small one carbon ring nucleotide

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7
Q

The nitrogenous base is binded to what end of the five carbon sugar?

A

the 1’ end

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8
Q

The phosphate group is binded to what end of the 5 carbon sugar

A

the 5’ end

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9
Q

How is a strand of DNA formed?

A

when the phosphate groups bind to the 3’ end of another nucleotide

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10
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A-T and G-C

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11
Q

How are complimentary based paired bound to each other?

A

With hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Name three ways RNA is different from DNA

A

1.) Rna has ribose as its sugar
2.) RNA sugar has a hydroxyl group at the 2’ of the sugar ring which makes it less stable
3.) RNA used Uracil instead of Thymine
4.) RNA is single-stranded
5.) RNA can fold back on itself to create base pairs

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13
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

1.) mRNA: messenger rna
2.) tRNA: transfer rna
3.) rRNA: ribosomal rna

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14
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

the flow of information in organisms (storing/using info)

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15
Q

What is a protein

A

a chain (polymer) of amino acids

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16
Q

What is an amino acid composed of?

A
  • an amino group
  • an R group
  • an carboxyl group
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17
Q

Non-polar molecules are…

A

hydrophobic

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18
Q

polar molecules are….

A

hydrophillic

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19
Q

negatively charged molecules form what bonds?

A

ionin bonds

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20
Q

Why do amino acids R groups stick out?

A

to react with other molecules and other R groups

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21
Q

DNA—–>________——->RNA——–>__________——–>Proteins

A

transcription and translation

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22
Q

RNA polymerase always read from what side

A

3’ to 5’ side

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23
Q

Can either strand of DNA be used for transcription?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Proteins can be…..

A

structural, regulatory, contractile or protective

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25
Q

How many amino acids are commonly found in proteins?

A

20

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26
Q

The amino acids R groups chemical properties determine….

A

the properties of the amino acid

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27
Q

How do you form a protein?

A

By connecting the amino acids through covalent bonds (peptide bonds)

28
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

a long chain of amino acids

29
Q

What is a peptide?

A

short chain of amino acids

30
Q

Tell me about polypeptide ends

A

polypeptide ends have an N terminal and non-binded carboxyl group

31
Q

What are the different protein structures?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

32
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

A sequence of amino acids chains

33
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

folding itself into an alpha helix of beta pleated shape

34
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

the 3-d structure

35
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

two protein changed folded together

36
Q

what is it called when all DNA is present in an organism?

A

the genome

37
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a single large DNA molecule

38
Q

What are the regions in a chromosome information is stored to make RNA and proteins

A

a gene

39
Q

What is a promoter?

A

the beginning of a gene

40
Q

What is the end of a gene called?

A

the terminator

41
Q

What is the region in between the promoter and the terminator called that codes for RNA and proteins

A

the coding region

42
Q

What is gene expression?

A

extracting and using info from genes

43
Q

What are the steps of transcription?

A

1.) initiation
2.) elongation
3.) termination

44
Q

Describe the initiation step of TRANSCRIPTION

A

A transcription bubble is formed in between the strands of DNA where RNA polymerase will start coding at the start of the promoter. RNA polymerase only starts from the 3’ end

45
Q

Explain elongation in TRANSCRIPTION

A

RNA polymerase goes down the template strand coding for one complementary rna nucleotide at a time

46
Q

Explain the termination step of TRANSCRIPTION

A

Transcription stops when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator of the gene and the new rna strand will look like the non template strand except it has uracil

47
Q

What is pre-mRNA

A

the mrna molecules produced by transcription

48
Q

What characterizes a pre-mrna molecule?

A

1.) it has a nucleotide cap added to the 5’ ends so it wont degrade
2.) it has a poly-A-tail added to the 3’ end

49
Q

What is mrna splicing?

A

the removal of introns from the mrna carried out by a splicesome

50
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

the taking out of exons to code for different proteins or genes expressed

51
Q

When are proteins produced?

A

in the translation phase

52
Q

What does transfer RNA do?

A

interprets information carried by mrna and brings the correct amino acids to the growing protein

53
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

a large complex of proteins and ribosomal rna that is organized into large and small subunits

-the small subunits binds to trna to bring mrna and trna together

54
Q

What are the phases of translation?

A

1.) initiation
2.) elongation
3.) termination

55
Q

Describe initiation for TRANSLATION

A

the small subunit of ribosome binds to 5’ end of mrna which is recognized by the trna that carries the amino acid methionine (aka start codon)

56
Q

Describe the elongation process in TRANSLATION

A
  • the large subunit binds to the small subunit
  • the p-site, a-site and e-site
57
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a change in a small number of nucleotides

58
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

when a nucleotide is changed but it doesn’t change the amino acid of protein produced

59
Q

What is a missense mutation

A

when a nucleotide is changed and codes for a different amino acid/ protein

60
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

when a nucleotide is changed and creates a stop codon

61
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

When an extra nucleotide is added or a nucleotide is deleted from a sequence

62
Q

What marks the 5’ end?

A

a non-binded phosphate group

63
Q

What marks the 3’ end

A

a sugar that is not bonded

64
Q

What are constitutive genes

A

genes that are continuously expressed

65
Q

What are conditional genes?

A

genes that are only expressed when needed (ex: insulin and glucagon)

66
Q

What are transcription factors

A

proteins that recognize regions of DNA that activate or terminate a gene

Biology 1107 (1 decks)

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