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BIOL 1090 > BIOL 1090 Bendall > Flashcards

BIOL 1090 Bendall Flashcards

1
Q

Mendel’s peas in his experiment were…

A

highly in-bred

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2
Q

Mendel’s experiments were designed do that he could study

A

one trait at a time

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3
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest.

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4
Q

In Mendel’s breeding experiments he followed…

A

the inheritance of a single trait

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5
Q

P

A

parent generation

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6
Q

F1

A

first filial generation

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7
Q

F2

A

grand offspring generation

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8
Q

dominant trait

A

a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it.

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9
Q

recessive trait

A

can be carried in a person’s genes without appearing in that person.

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10
Q

gene

A

an inherited factor (encoded in DNA) that helps determine a characteristic

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11
Q

alleles

A

one of the two or more alternative forms of a gene.

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12
Q

genotype

A

set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

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13
Q

phenotype or trait

A

the appearance manifestation of a characteristic

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14
Q

locus

A

specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

an individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus

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16
Q

homozygote

A

an individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

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17
Q

characteristic or character

A

an attribute or feature possessed by an organism

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18
Q

Mendel’s first principle- Principle of Dominance

A

in a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another

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19
Q

Mendel’s second principle - Principle of segregation

A

in a heterozygote, two different alleles (R and r) segregate from each other during the formation of gametes

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20
Q

The multiplicative rule

A

the events of A and B are independent, the probability that the occur TOGETHER is the PRODUCT of their individual probabilities of occurrence - finding an ace that is also a spade - P(A) x P(B)

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21
Q

The addition rule

A

If events A and B are independent and do not overlap, the probability that that at least one of them occurs is the SUM of their individual probabilities (pulling a heart or a diamond)

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22
Q

Binomial probability

A

the probability of exactly x successes on n repeated trials in an experiment which has two possible outcomes (commonly called a binomial experiment).

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23
Q

Mendel’s third principle - Independent Assortment

A

Alleles on different pair of chromosomes assort independently from one another.
Occurs during Anaphase 1 of the meiotic

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24
Q

3 observations of principle of segregation

A
  1. each individual organism possessing two alleles encoding a trait - before meiosis
  2. Alleles separate when gametes are formed - anaphase 1
  3. Alleles separate in equal proportions - anaphase 1
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25
Q

observations of Independant assortment

A

alleles at different loci separate independently

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26
Q

punnett square

A

a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

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27
Q

for 1 gene with 2 alleles there are:

A

2^1 = 2 possibilities haploid genotypes (gametes)

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28
Q

for 2 genes, each with 2 alleles there are:

A

2^2 = 4 possible haploid genotypes (gameates)

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29
Q

the formula for predicting the outcomes of a dihybrid cross

A

alleles^genes

30
Q

test cross

A

involves the breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analyzing proportions of offspring phenotypes. Zygosity can either be heterozygous or homozygous.

31
Q

Chi-square Goodness-of-fit test

A

a test that measures how expectations compare to actual observed data (or model results)

32
Q

6 autosomal dominant trait characterisics

A
  1. usually appears in both sexes with equal frequency
  2. both sexes transmit the trait to their offspring
  3. Does not skip generations once the trait appears
  4. Affected offspring must have an affected parent unless the possess a new mutation
  5. when one parent is affected (heterozygous) and the other parent in unaffected, approximately half of the offspring will be affected.
  6. unaffected parents do not transmit the trait
33
Q

5 autosomal recessive trait characteristic

A

. usually appears in both sexes with equal frequency

  1. trend tend to skip generations
  2. affected offspring are usually born to unaffected parents
  3. When both parents are heterozygous, approximately one fourth of the of the offspring will be affected
  4. appears more frequently among the children of consanguineous marriages
34
Q

4 X-Linked Dominant trait characteristics

A
  1. both males and females are usually affected; often more females than males are affected
  2. does not skip generations affected sons must have an affected mother;affected daughters must have an affected mother or an affected father
  3. Affected fathers pass the trait to all their daughters
  4. affected mothers (if heterozygous pass the trait to half of their sons and half of their daughters
35
Q
  1. Y-Linked Trait characteristics
A
  1. only males are affected
  2. passed from father to all sons
  3. does not skip generations
36
Q

How do you detect Chromosome abnormalities prenatally?

A

examination of a karyotype from cells obtained by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Some forms can be detected by DNA analysis of maternal blood.

37
Q

How do you detect cleft lip and palate prenatally?

A

ultrasound

38
Q

how do you detect cystic fibrosis prenatally?

A

DNA analysis of cells obtained by amniocentesis or chronic villus sampling

39
Q

how do you detect dwarfism prenatally?

A

ultrasound or x-ray

40
Q

how do you detect hemophilia prenatally

A

fetal blood sampling or DNA analysis (blood taken from fetus via umbilical cord)

41
Q

how do you detect Lesch-Nyhan syndrome prenatally?

A

biochemical tests on cells obtained by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

42
Q

how do you detect neural-tube defects prenatally?

A

initial screening with maternal blood test, followed by biochemical tests on amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis or by the detection of birth defects with the use of ultrasound

43
Q

how do you detect osteogenesis imperfecta prenatally?

A

ultrasound or X-ray (brittle bone)

44
Q

how do you detect phenylketonuria prenatally?

A

DNA analysis of cells obtained by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

45
Q

how do you detect sickle-cell anemia prenatally?

A

fetal blood sampling or DNA analysis

46
Q

how do you detect Tay-Sachs disease prenatally?

A

biochemical tests on cells obtained by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

47
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer

48
Q

nucleotide

A

is one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA.

49
Q

nucleotides are comprised of what?

A

a phosphate group
a fibre carbon sugar (2-deoxyribose)
one of four cyclic nitrogenous bases

50
Q

purine

A

Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.

51
Q

pyramidine

A

an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.

52
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

is the linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another

53
Q

5’ end (five prime end)

A

has a free phosphate group

54
Q

3’ end (three prime end)

A

has a free hydroxyl group

55
Q

DNA has how many strands?

A

DNA is double stranded and the strands are ANTIPARALLEL

56
Q

double helix

A

the description of the structure of a DNA molecule. A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder. The double helix is also right handed

57
Q

How are the strands of DNA held together?

A

hydrogen bonds between bases on opposing strands and by hydrophobic interactions between adjacent stacked bases

58
Q

opposing strand of DNA are…

A

complementary

59
Q

B-DNA

A

the most common form of DNA and is a right-handed double helix, which was discovered by Watson and Crick based on the X-ray diffraction patterns

60
Q

What are to two grooves on DNA

A

major groove

minor groove

61
Q

what is the first level of condensation?

A

packaging DNA into nucleosomes - produces a 10nm fibre

62
Q

How many times does 146bp of DNA wrapped around the histone octamer (how many times is the string wrapped around the ball)?

A

1 and 3/4

63
Q

histone proteins

A

highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

64
Q

What is the second level of condensation

A

an additional folding or supercoiling of the 11 nm fibre to produce a 30 nm fibre (like twisting a phone cord)

65
Q

What is the third level of condensation?

A

attachment of the 30 nm fibre at many positions to a (non-histone) protein scaffold

66
Q

how many strands of DNA are there per chromosome?

A

1

67
Q

chromosome ends are protected by what?

A

telomeres

68
Q

What are the three important functions of telomeres?

A
  1. resist degradation by DNases
  2. prevent fusion of chromosomal ends
  3. facilitate replication of the ends of the linear DNA
69
Q

Centromeres

A

provides the point of attachment of sister chromatids and of chromosomes to microtubules in the MITOTIC SPINDLE

70
Q

What do plant cells and animal cells have in common (11 things)

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. mitochondria
  3. nuclear envelope
  4. nucleolus
  5. nucleus & chromatin
  6. smooth ER
  7. rough ER
  8. golgi complex
  9. secretory vesicles
  10. peroxisomes
  11. cytoskeleton
71
Q

What do animal cells have that plant cells do not? (2 things)

A
  1. lysosomes

2. microvilli

72
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not? (4 things)

A
  1. cell walls
  2. vacuoles
  3. chloroplasts
  4. plasmodesmata

BIOL 1090 (6 decks)

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