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BIOL 108 > BIOL 108 final exam > Flashcards

BIOL 108 final exam Flashcards

Final exam review for those taking BIOL 108 with Dr Neil Harris

1
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

diversity between and within populations (diversity within the same species)

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2
Q

Define species diversity

A

having a variety of species

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3
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

having a variety of ecosystem types

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4
Q

List and explain the 4 ecosystem services

A
  1. Provisioning services
    - materials we procure from nature
  2. Regulating services
    - benefits outside of material items, such as purification of air, pollination, etc
  3. supporting services
    - services that are important for maintaining the biosphere. includes O2 production, CO2 absorption, habitats
  4. cultural services
    - non-material things that we gain from nature. can be spiritual or cultural, or simply for enjoyment (ie. a walk)
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5
Q

Extirpation definition

A

A local extinction –> a species is completely gone in a certain area, but exists in other places in the world

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6
Q

List the 4 major threats to biodiversity

A
  1. Habitat loss
  2. Invasive species
  3. Over exploitation
  4. Global climate change
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7
Q

According to Darwin, what is the mechanism for descent with modification?

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Define natural selection

A

A process in which individuals of a species with more favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
–> leads to descent with modification

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9
Q

Speciation definition

A

formation of a new species from an ancestral species

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10
Q

Microevolution definition

A

Evolution within a species over a short time period (ex. Galapagos finches)
–> ie. change in a population’s allele frequencies over generations

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11
Q

An organisms phenotype is dependant on what 2 things?

A

environmental factors and its genotype

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12
Q

Selective agents definition

A

Factors (biotic or abiotic) that affect population or individual survival

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13
Q

Homology vs analogy

A

Homology: trait comes from a shared ancestor and was kept over time
Analogy: trait is not due to common ancestry and arose independently

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14
Q

Monophyletic definition

A

A group consists of the ancestor and all of its descendants
= CLADE

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15
Q

Paraphyletic definition

A

a group consists of the ancestor but not all of the descendants

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16
Q

Polyphyletic definition

A

A group includes many taxa that are distantly related but leaves out their common ancestor

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17
Q

List the taxonomic ranks in order

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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18
Q

What is considered the smallest unit of evolutionary change?

A

populations

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19
Q

in a diploid individual, how many alleles are in one gene?

A

2

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20
Q

Directional selection definition

A

natural selection that favours individuals who differ from the mean phenotype in ONE DIRECTION
–> one extreme phenotype is favoured

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21
Q

Disruptive selection definition

A

Natural selection that favours BOTH EXTREMES

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22
Q

Stabilizing selection definition

A

Natural selection that favours against extremes and favours the mean phenotype

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23
Q

Genetic drift definition

A

Random changes in a populations allele frequencies
–> most likely in small populations
–> rare alleles more likely to be lost

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24
Q

Gene flow definition

A

movement of alleles between different populations of a single species

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25
Q

Heterozygote advantage definition

A

An advantage that an organism has due to it having 2 different alleles of a gene (heterozygote) rather than one (homozygote). Heterozygous organisms have an increased fitness

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26
Q

Frequency-dependent selection definition

A

An organism with a specific phenotype’s fitness is proportional to how frequent it is in a given population

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27
Q

Macroevolution definition

A

Evolution above/outside of the species level

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28
Q

Explain the Biological Species Concept (BSC)
(what it defines, its limits)

A

Acts as a definition for a “species”
—> states that a species is a group that is reproductively isolated from others and has the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring

LIMITS:
- cannot be applied to fossils, asexual organisms
- emphasizes the absence of gene flow (ie. hybridization between 2 distinct species)

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29
Q

Briefly explain some flaws with the fossil record

A

ANY OF THE FOLLOWING EXPLANATIONS ARE CORRECT
- not all organisms were preserved (ex. soft bodied creatures would not fossilize well)
- it is incomplete
- Requires organism to be buried in sediment, that’s not always possible
- terrestrial organisms had a lower chance of being fossilized

–> for more explanations see slide 7 in topic 9

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30
Q

List the hypothesized 4 stages of the origin of life

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining of small organic molecules into organic polymers (macromolecules)
  3. Packaging of molecules into protocells
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules
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31
Q

Cause of the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE)

A

Oxygen was created as a byproduct by oceanic cyanobacteria (a type of photosynthetic prokaryote)

32
Q

Phototroph definition

A

obtain energy from light

33
Q

Chemotroph definition

A

obtain energy from chemicals

34
Q

Autotrophs definition

A

use inorganic molecules as carbon sources

35
Q

Heterotrophs definition

A

require organic substances for carbon sources

36
Q

Obligate aerobes VS Facultative anaerobes

A

Obligate aerobes need O2 to survive
Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without O2

37
Q

Briefly explain the endosymbiont theory

A

states the mitochondria and plastids were once prokaryotes that lived within other cells
–> mitochondria evolved before plastids (ie. chloroplasts)

38
Q

Primary endosymbiosis VS secondary endosymbiosis

A

Primary: Prokaryotic cells are engulfed by prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

Secondary: eukaryotic cells take up other eukaryotic cells

39
Q

What clade do animals belong to?

A

Opisthokonts

40
Q

What is the nutritional mode of animals?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

41
Q

Haploid gametes are produced through Meiosis/Mitosis
(Pick one)

A

Meiosis

42
Q

Parthenogenesis definition

A

development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell

43
Q

briefly describe the process of animal development, starting from fertilization and ending at the formation of embryonic tissues

A
  1. fertilization results in diploid zygote
  2. diploid zygote undergoes cleavage
  3. cleavage turns zygote into 8-celled embryo
  4. continued cleavage forms hollow blastula
  5. gastrulation occurs, gastrula with embryonic layers is formed
44
Q

Purpose of the mesoderm

A

layer of tissue that results in muscles and other organs

45
Q

Most ________ animals possess a fluid-filled body cavity
(Diploblastic or triploblastic)

A

Triploblastic

46
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are ______ (Diploblastic or triploblastic)

A

Triploblastic

47
Q

In protostome development,
cleavage is _____ and ____________

A

spiral
determinate

48
Q

In deuterostome development,
cleavage is ________ and
____________

A

Radial
Indeterminate

49
Q

describe coelom formation for deuterostome and protostome development

A

deuterostome: mesoderm folds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

protostome: coelom forms through the splitting of mesoderm

50
Q

In protostome development, the
blastopore becomes the ________

A

mouth

51
Q

In deuterostome development, the
blastopore becomes the __________

A

anus

52
Q

ecdysis definition

A

moulting

53
Q

3 pieces of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals:

A
  1. Cell morphology
  2. Cell morphology unique to animal cells
  3. DNA sequence homology
54
Q

List traits developed during hominin evolution

A
  • Bipedalism
  • expansion of the brain
  • reduced jaw and jaw muscles
  • shorter digestive tract
  • modification of pelvis
  • increasing hairlessness
55
Q

List some of the shared derived traits of mammals (7)

A
  1. have mammary glands to produce milk
  2. have hair or fur on their bodies
  3. three middle ear bones
  4. Mammals are endothermic
  5. Mammals have a \ dentary-squamosal jaw joint
  6. specialized teeth
  7. have a larger brain
56
Q

Most mammals are viviparous. What does this mean?

A

Their young develop inside of them before being brought into the world

57
Q

assign the following characteristsics to monotremes, marsupials, and/or eutherians (traits can be used more than once)
- lay eggs
- have a cloaca
- absence of nipples
- are viviparous

A
  • eggs: monotremes
  • cloaca: monotremes, marsupials
  • absence of nipples: monotremes
  • are viviparous: marsupials, eutherians
58
Q

Shared, derived traits of primates (4)

A
  • Hands and feet adapted for grasping
  • Large brain and short jaws
  • forward looking eyes (depth perception)
  • complex social behaviour
59
Q

Monkeys are _____________ (paraphyletic/monophyletic/polyphyletic)

A

paraphyletic (see slide 21 topic 33)

60
Q

briefly explain hominoids (animals included, old/new world, important traits)

A
  • includes apes
  • old world (Africa/Asia)
  • lack tails

Note: Hominoids include hominids (great apes)

61
Q

List some difference between mammals and birds:

A

MAMMALS:
- synapsids
- hair covering bodies
- produce milk
- have teeth

BIRDS:
- diapsids
- adapted to support flight
- feathers
- lack teeth

62
Q

True or False: Mammals are endothermic, while birds are ectothermic
(If false, explain)

A

FALSE
Both are endothermic

63
Q

List the purposes of the following 4 extra-embryonic layers in amniotic eggs:
1. Allantois
2. Chorion
3. Amnion
4. Yolk sac

A
  1. Allantois
    - waste disposal, gas exchange
  2. Chorion
    - O2/CO2 exchange
  3. Amnion
    - protects embryo from mechanical shock (ie. cushions it from movement)
  4. Yolk sac
    - nutrients
64
Q

True or False: An amniotic egg can be fertilized through external OR internal fertilization.
(If false, explain)

A

FALSE
Amniotic eggs are only fertilized internally

65
Q

True or False: Amphibians are ectothermic
(If false, explain)

A

TRUE

66
Q

In most species of amphibians, is fertilization internal or external?

A

external

67
Q

Briefly provide some characteristics of Porifera

A
  • sponges
  • sessile –> stationary (except for motile larval stage)
  • lack true tissues (therefore not part of eumetazoa)
  • suspension feeders
  • hermaphrodites
68
Q

Briefly provide some characteristics of Cnidarians
(organism/s included, symmetry, body plan, 2 forms, etc)

A
  • jelly fish
  • radial symmetry –> diploblastic body plan
  • sessile polyp form and motile medusa form
69
Q

Intermediate host definition

A

where asexual reproduction occurs with parasitic organisms

70
Q

Definitive host definition

A

where a parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

71
Q

2 important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans:

A

trematodes and tapeworms

72
Q

List the 3 groups in deuterostomia

A

hemichordata
echinodermata
chordata

73
Q

List the 6 groups in Lophotrochozoa

A

flatworms
rotifers
ectoprocts
brachiopods
molluscs
annelids

74
Q

Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column is a shared derived trait of which clade?

A

tetrapods

75
Q
A

BIOL 108 (1 decks)

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