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BIOL 108 final exam Flashcards

Final exam review for those taking BIOL 108 with Dr Neil Harris

1
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

diversity between and within populations (diversity within the same species)

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2
Q

Define species diversity

A

having a variety of species

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3
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

having a variety of ecosystem types

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4
Q

List and explain the 4 ecosystem services

A
  1. Provisioning services
    - materials we procure from nature
  2. Regulating services
    - benefits outside of material items, such as purification of air, pollination, etc
  3. supporting services
    - services that are important for maintaining the biosphere. includes O2 production, CO2 absorption, habitats
  4. cultural services
    - non-material things that we gain from nature. can be spiritual or cultural, or simply for enjoyment (ie. a walk)
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5
Q

Extirpation definition

A

A local extinction –> a species is completely gone in a certain area, but exists in other places in the world

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6
Q

List the 4 major threats to biodiversity

A
  1. Habitat loss
  2. Invasive species
  3. Over exploitation
  4. Global climate change
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7
Q

According to Darwin, what is the mechanism for descent with modification?

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Define natural selection

A

A process in which individuals of a species with more favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
–> leads to descent with modification

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9
Q

Speciation definition

A

formation of a new species from an ancestral species

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10
Q

Microevolution definition

A

Evolution within a species over a short time period (ex. Galapagos finches)
–> ie. change in a population’s allele frequencies over generations

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11
Q

An organisms phenotype is dependant on what 2 things?

A

environmental factors and its genotype

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12
Q

Selective agents definition

A

Factors (biotic or abiotic) that affect population or individual survival

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13
Q

Homology vs analogy

A

Homology: trait comes from a shared ancestor and was kept over time
Analogy: trait is not due to common ancestry and arose independently

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14
Q

Monophyletic definition

A

A group consists of the ancestor and all of its descendants
= CLADE

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15
Q

Paraphyletic definition

A

a group consists of the ancestor but not all of the descendants

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16
Q

Polyphyletic definition

A

A group includes many taxa that are distantly related but leaves out their common ancestor

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17
Q

List the taxonomic ranks in order

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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18
Q

What is considered the smallest unit of evolutionary change?

A

populations

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19
Q

in a diploid individual, how many alleles are in one gene?

A

2

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20
Q

Directional selection definition

A

natural selection that favours individuals who differ from the mean phenotype in ONE DIRECTION
–> one extreme phenotype is favoured

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21
Q

Disruptive selection definition

A

Natural selection that favours BOTH EXTREMES

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22
Q

Stabilizing selection definition

A

Natural selection that favours against extremes and favours the mean phenotype

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23
Q

Genetic drift definition

A

Random changes in a populations allele frequencies
–> most likely in small populations
–> rare alleles more likely to be lost

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24
Q

Gene flow definition

A

movement of alleles between different populations of a single species

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25
Heterozygote advantage definition
An advantage that an organism has due to it having 2 different alleles of a gene (heterozygote) rather than one (homozygote). Heterozygous organisms have an increased fitness
26
Frequency-dependent selection definition
An organism with a specific phenotype's fitness is proportional to how frequent it is in a given population
27
Macroevolution definition
Evolution above/outside of the species level
28
Explain the Biological Species Concept (BSC) (what it defines, its limits)
Acts as a definition for a "species" ---> states that a species is a group that is reproductively isolated from others and has the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring LIMITS: - cannot be applied to fossils, asexual organisms - emphasizes the absence of gene flow (ie. hybridization between 2 distinct species)
29
Briefly explain some flaws with the fossil record
ANY OF THE FOLLOWING EXPLANATIONS ARE CORRECT - not all organisms were preserved (ex. soft bodied creatures would not fossilize well) - it is incomplete - Requires organism to be buried in sediment, that's not always possible - terrestrial organisms had a lower chance of being fossilized --> for more explanations see slide 7 in topic 9
30
List the hypothesized 4 stages of the origin of life
1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2. Joining of small organic molecules into organic polymers (macromolecules) 3. Packaging of molecules into protocells 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules
31
Cause of the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE)
Oxygen was created as a byproduct by oceanic cyanobacteria (a type of photosynthetic prokaryote)
32
Phototroph definition
obtain energy from light
33
Chemotroph definition
obtain energy from chemicals
34
Autotrophs definition
use inorganic molecules as carbon sources
35
Heterotrophs definition
require organic substances for carbon sources
36
Obligate aerobes VS Facultative anaerobes
Obligate aerobes need O2 to survive Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without O2
37
Briefly explain the endosymbiont theory
states the mitochondria and plastids were once prokaryotes that lived within other cells --> mitochondria evolved before plastids (ie. chloroplasts)
38
Primary endosymbiosis VS secondary endosymbiosis
Primary: Prokaryotic cells are engulfed by prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells Secondary: eukaryotic cells take up other eukaryotic cells
39
What clade do animals belong to?
Opisthokonts
40
What is the nutritional mode of animals?
Chemoheterotrophs
41
Haploid gametes are produced through Meiosis/Mitosis (Pick one)
Meiosis
42
Parthenogenesis definition
development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell
43
briefly describe the process of animal development, starting from fertilization and ending at the formation of embryonic tissues
1. fertilization results in diploid zygote 2. diploid zygote undergoes cleavage 3. cleavage turns zygote into 8-celled embryo 4. continued cleavage forms hollow blastula 5. gastrulation occurs, gastrula with embryonic layers is formed
44
Purpose of the mesoderm
layer of tissue that results in muscles and other organs
45
Most ________ animals possess a fluid-filled body cavity (Diploblastic or triploblastic)
Triploblastic
46
Bilaterally symmetrical animals are ______ (Diploblastic or triploblastic)
Triploblastic
47
In protostome development, cleavage is _____ and ____________
spiral determinate
48
In deuterostome development, cleavage is ________ and ____________
Radial Indeterminate
49
describe coelom formation for deuterostome and protostome development
deuterostome: mesoderm folds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom protostome: coelom forms through the splitting of mesoderm
50
In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the ________
mouth
51
In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the __________
anus
52
ecdysis definition
moulting
53
3 pieces of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals:
1. Cell morphology 2. Cell morphology unique to animal cells 3. DNA sequence homology
54
List traits developed during hominin evolution
- Bipedalism - expansion of the brain - reduced jaw and jaw muscles - shorter digestive tract - modification of pelvis - increasing hairlessness
55
List some of the shared derived traits of mammals (7)
1. have mammary glands to produce milk 2. have hair or fur on their bodies 3. three middle ear bones 4. Mammals are endothermic 5. Mammals have a \ dentary-squamosal jaw joint 6. specialized teeth 7. have a larger brain
56
Most mammals are viviparous. What does this mean?
Their young develop inside of them before being brought into the world
57
assign the following characteristsics to monotremes, marsupials, and/or eutherians (traits can be used more than once) - lay eggs - have a cloaca - absence of nipples - are viviparous
- eggs: monotremes - cloaca: monotremes, marsupials - absence of nipples: monotremes - are viviparous: marsupials, eutherians
58
Shared, derived traits of primates (4)
- Hands and feet adapted for grasping - Large brain and short jaws - forward looking eyes (depth perception) - complex social behaviour
59
Monkeys are _____________ (paraphyletic/monophyletic/polyphyletic)
paraphyletic (see slide 21 topic 33)
60
briefly explain hominoids (animals included, old/new world, important traits)
- includes apes - old world (Africa/Asia) - lack tails Note: Hominoids include hominids (great apes)
61
List some difference between mammals and birds:
MAMMALS: - synapsids - hair covering bodies - produce milk - have teeth BIRDS: - diapsids - adapted to support flight - feathers - lack teeth
62
True or False: Mammals are endothermic, while birds are ectothermic (If false, explain)
FALSE Both are endothermic
63
List the purposes of the following 4 extra-embryonic layers in amniotic eggs: 1. Allantois 2. Chorion 3. Amnion 4. Yolk sac
1. Allantois - waste disposal, gas exchange 2. Chorion - O2/CO2 exchange 3. Amnion - protects embryo from mechanical shock (ie. cushions it from movement) 4. Yolk sac - nutrients
64
True or False: An amniotic egg can be fertilized through external OR internal fertilization. (If false, explain)
FALSE Amniotic eggs are only fertilized internally
65
True or False: Amphibians are ectothermic (If false, explain)
TRUE
66
In most species of amphibians, is fertilization internal or external?
external
67
Briefly provide some characteristics of Porifera
- sponges - sessile --> stationary (except for motile larval stage) - lack true tissues (therefore not part of eumetazoa) - suspension feeders - hermaphrodites
68
Briefly provide some characteristics of Cnidarians (organism/s included, symmetry, body plan, 2 forms, etc)
- jelly fish - radial symmetry --> diploblastic body plan - sessile polyp form and motile medusa form
69
Intermediate host definition
where asexual reproduction occurs with parasitic organisms
70
Definitive host definition
where a parasite undergoes sexual reproduction
71
2 important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans:
trematodes and tapeworms
72
List the 3 groups in deuterostomia
hemichordata echinodermata chordata
73
List the 6 groups in Lophotrochozoa
flatworms rotifers ectoprocts brachiopods molluscs annelids
74
Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column is a shared derived trait of which clade?
tetrapods
75

BIOL 108 (1 decks)

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