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BIOL 1030 > BIOL 1030 Exam 3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

BIOL 1030 Exam 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

Central Dogma of biology refers to the unidirectional flow of biochemical information from DNA to protein
1. Transcription
2.Translation
steps 1 and 2 are two parts of unidirectional flow, and sometimes are referred to as gene expression when referring to both steps

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Process that builds mRNA using DNA as coding template

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3
Q

Translation

A

Process that builds protein using an encoded message of mRNA

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4
Q

Heredity

A

Study of Inheritance

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5
Q

Cell Division

A

Reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of cytoplasm, necessary for all forms of life

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6
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information in an organism

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7
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Creation of genetically identical offspring (clones) by a single parent, without participation of sperm and egg
*Clone and parent have identical genes

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8
Q

Chromesome

A

Gene carrying structure, found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Consist of one very long DNA strand, and associated proteins.

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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosome structure

A

Have genes on their single, circular chromosome and on plasmids

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome structure

A

Have genes on their many linear chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosome(structure)

A

Specific molecule of DNA+proteins
Consider it the house as a whole

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13
Q

Chromatin(material)

A

DNA+proteins
Consider it the wood that makes up the house

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14
Q

Bacterial Plasmids

A

Serve as carriers for gene transfer

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15
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction in which a parent, often single cell/prokaryotes , divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size

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16
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A
  1. Duplication of chromosome and separation of the copies
  2. Continued elongation of the cell and movement of the copies
  3. Division into two daughter cells (identical to parents since its asexual reproduction)
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17
Q

Complex chromosomes of eukaryotes

A

-The large complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
-More complex due to DNA isolated by nuclear membranes, and more/longer chromosomes leading to more DNA

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18
Q

Overview of human cells

A

There are 46 chromosomes in each nuclei of each human cell

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19
Q

4 parts of DNA

A

Sister Chromatids, Centromere, Kinetochore, Chromatid

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20
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Ordered sequence that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

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21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Self destruction of cells when its no good to be replicated

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22
Q

Interphase (90%)

A
  1. G1 Phase: First gap, cell grows
    - Chromosome single
  2. S Phase: synthesis of DNA, also known as DNA replication
    -Chromosome doubled
  3. G2 Phase: Second gap cells grows
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23
Q

Mitotic Phase (10%)

A
  • Mitosis: Nucleus and its contents (duplicated chromosomes) divide and are distributed to two daughter nuclei
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm is divided in two
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24
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
    2.Prometaphase
    3.Metaphase
    4.Anaphase
    5.Telophase
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25
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) and mitotic spindles begin to form, but nucleus is still intact

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26
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope fragments, and spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids

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27
Q

Metaphase

A

All cells duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary place equidistant between poles of mitotic spindle

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28
Q

Anaphase

A

Begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

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29
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. This usually occurs together with cytokinesis

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30
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Football shape structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that are involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

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31
Q

Centrosome

A

Structure from which microtubules originate, has 2 centrioles

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32
Q

Result of Mitosis

A

-Each nucleus in the new daughter cell has the same number and same kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell
-Each daughter cell has the correct amount of DNA
- Each daughter cell has the correct number and type of genes

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33
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Occurs by cleavage- like draw string (contracting ring of microfilaments forming clevaage furrow)

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34
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cell

A

Forms cell plate in the middle, and then separate

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35
Q

Two types of cells in multicellular, sexually reproducing organisms

A
  1. Somatic “body” cells
  2. Germ cells: Gametes, reproductive cells (mutations only passed in these)
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36
Q

3 ways bacteria can transfer DNA

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
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37
Q

Transformation

A

Incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment

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38
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by phages(virus type)

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39
Q

Conjugation

A

Union/mating of two bacterial cells or protist cells and transfer of DNA between 2 cells

40
Q

Fertilization joins ______ to produce a _______

A

Haploid gametes, diploid zygote

41
Q

Ploidy

A

Number of sets of chromosomes

42
Q

Karyotype

A

Total set of chromosomes, usually seen as a picture

43
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from _____ to ______ (in diploid organisms)

A

Diploid, haploid

44
Q

Two main reasons we get genetically different gametes

A
  1. Crossing Over
    2.The random orientation of homologues pairs in metaphase I
45
Q

Exon

A

Coding region of a gene

46
Q

Fertilization joins ______ to produce _______

A

Haploid gametes, diploid zygote

47
Q

Inversion

A

a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction. Usually, these aberrations result in fewer harmful effects than other chromosomal alterations as the genes are still present in their normal number.

48
Q

The diploid phase of the human life cycle begins with _____.

A

Fertilization

49
Q

Synapsis

A

Connecting of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad

50
Q

Polyploidy

A

cells of an organism have more than one pair of chromosomes

51
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Aa x Aa

52
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

AaBb x AaBb

53
Q

Trihybrid Cross

A

AaBbGg x AaBbGg

54
Q

Dominant true-breed strain with a F1 dihybrid

A

AaBb X aabb

55
Q

Testcross

A

A? x aa

56
Q

RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

57
Q

RNA polymerization

A

Transcription

58
Q

DNA synthesis

A

Replication

59
Q

DNA polymerization

A

Replication

60
Q

Peptide Synthesis

A

Translation

61
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Translation

62
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes, pulls all chromosomes to one side

63
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait

64
Q

Autosomal dominant (pattern 2)

A

Autosomal dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child

65
Q

Autosomal recessive (pattern 1)

A

Autosomal recessive traits pass from both parents onto their child.

66
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Multiple genes contribute to the phenotype of a single trait

67
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

68
Q

How to identify 5’ end

A

Has phosphate group attached

69
Q

What is the function of single stranded binding proteins in DNA replication

A

Stabilize single stranded DNA and prevent re-connecting of the two strands

70
Q

DNA synthesizes

A

5’ -> 3’

71
Q

DNA is read

A

3’ -> 5’

72
Q

Spliceosome

A

To remove introns from pre mRNA and join together exons to produce mature

73
Q

Kinase Enzyme

A

Adds a phosphate group to a protein molecule

74
Q

Cell Identity

A

Proteins that are expressed in a cell

75
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

frequency with which a single chromosomal crossing occurs between two genes during meiosis

76
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Functions to turn on specific genes to express a specific protein called for by the signal

77
Q

Types of rearrangements of pieces of chromosomes

A
  1. Deletion
    2.Duplication
    3.Inversion
    4.Reciprocal Translocation
77
Q

What influences phenotypic traits (expressed traits)

A
  • Genotype
  • Environment
    -External, Internal, Intracellular
77
Q

Study of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel, 1866

77
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes- seen in how you can get pink from red and white flowers

78
Q

Codominance

A

Heterozygote, expresses the distinct trait of both alleles

79
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene influences many characteristics

80
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

The additive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character

81
Q

Chromosome theory of Inheritance

A

Genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns

82
Q

When you have two independent events occurring together, you __ their probabilities together.

A

Multiply

83
Q

For transcription how is cDNA read

A

3’- 5’

84
Q

In translation, a tRNA brings the next amino acid to the _______ to elongate the polypeptide chain by having its ________ recognize the next triplet on the mRNA.

A

A site, anticodon

85
Q

In a sexually reproducing diploid organism, its homologous chromosomes may have up to ______ different allele(-s); but, its population may have ______ different allele(-s).

A

two, many more than 2

86
Q

For translation, mRNA is read _.

A

5’ to 3’

87
Q

Enhancers are

A

DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind to allow RNA polymerase to bind at promoter to make mRNA.

88
Q

For transcription, tDNA is read

A

3’ to 5’

89
Q

Translational control

A

governs the efficiency of mRNAs

90
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene, resulting in a chance in the triplet grouping of nucleotides

91
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon being changed from encoding one amino acid to another

92
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence that converts an amino acid encoding codon to a stop codon, thus shortening the polypeptide

93
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A mutation in a gene that changes a codon to one that codes for the same amino acid, this the amino acid sequence is unchanged

BIOL 1030 (1 decks)

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