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BIOL 1030 > BIOL 1030 Exam 3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

BIOL 1030 Exam 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

Central Dogma of biology refers to the unidirectional flow of biochemical information from DNA to protein
1. Transcription
2.Translation
steps 1 and 2 are two parts of unidirectional flow, and sometimes are referred to as gene expression when referring to both steps

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Process that builds mRNA using DNA as coding template

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3
Q

Translation

A

Process that builds protein using an encoded message of mRNA

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4
Q

Heredity

A

Study of Inheritance

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5
Q

Cell Division

A

Reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of cytoplasm, necessary for all forms of life

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6
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information in an organism

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7
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Creation of genetically identical offspring (clones) by a single parent, without participation of sperm and egg
*Clone and parent have identical genes

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8
Q

Chromesome

A

Gene carrying structure, found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Consist of one very long DNA strand, and associated proteins.

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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosome structure

A

Have genes on their single, circular chromosome and on plasmids

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome structure

A

Have genes on their many linear chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosome(structure)

A

Specific molecule of DNA+proteins
Consider it the house as a whole

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13
Q

Chromatin(material)

A

DNA+proteins
Consider it the wood that makes up the house

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14
Q

Bacterial Plasmids

A

Serve as carriers for gene transfer

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15
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction in which a parent, often single cell/prokaryotes , divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size

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16
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A
  1. Duplication of chromosome and separation of the copies
  2. Continued elongation of the cell and movement of the copies
  3. Division into two daughter cells (identical to parents since its asexual reproduction)
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17
Q

Complex chromosomes of eukaryotes

A

-The large complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
-More complex due to DNA isolated by nuclear membranes, and more/longer chromosomes leading to more DNA

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18
Q

Overview of human cells

A

There are 46 chromosomes in each nuclei of each human cell

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19
Q

4 parts of DNA

A

Sister Chromatids, Centromere, Kinetochore, Chromatid

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20
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Ordered sequence that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

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21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Self destruction of cells when its no good to be replicated

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22
Q

Interphase (90%)

A
  1. G1 Phase: First gap, cell grows
    - Chromosome single
  2. S Phase: synthesis of DNA, also known as DNA replication
    -Chromosome doubled
  3. G2 Phase: Second gap cells grows
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23
Q

Mitotic Phase (10%)

A
  • Mitosis: Nucleus and its contents (duplicated chromosomes) divide and are distributed to two daughter nuclei
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm is divided in two
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24
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
    2.Prometaphase
    3.Metaphase
    4.Anaphase
    5.Telophase
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25
Prophase
Chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) and mitotic spindles begin to form, but nucleus is still intact
26
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope fragments, and spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids
27
Metaphase
All cells duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary place equidistant between poles of mitotic spindle
28
Anaphase
Begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell
29
Telophase
Daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. This usually occurs together with cytokinesis
30
Mitotic Spindle
Football shape structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that are involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
31
Centrosome
Structure from which microtubules originate, has 2 centrioles
32
Result of Mitosis
-Each nucleus in the new daughter cell has the same number and same kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell -Each daughter cell has the correct amount of DNA - Each daughter cell has the correct number and type of genes
33
Cytokinesis in animal cells
Occurs by cleavage- like draw string (contracting ring of microfilaments forming clevaage furrow)
34
Cytokinesis in plant cell
Forms cell plate in the middle, and then separate
35
Two types of cells in multicellular, sexually reproducing organisms
1. Somatic "body" cells 2. Germ cells: Gametes, reproductive cells (mutations only passed in these)
36
3 ways bacteria can transfer DNA
1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation
37
Transformation
Incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment
38
Transduction
Transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by phages(virus type)
39
Conjugation
Union/mating of two bacterial cells or protist cells and transfer of DNA between 2 cells
40
Fertilization joins ______ to produce a _______
Haploid gametes, diploid zygote
41
Ploidy
Number of sets of chromosomes
42
Karyotype
Total set of chromosomes, usually seen as a picture
43
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from _____ to ______ (in diploid organisms)
Diploid, haploid
44
Two main reasons we get genetically different gametes
1. Crossing Over 2.The random orientation of homologues pairs in metaphase I
45
Exon
Coding region of a gene
46
Fertilization joins ______ to produce _______
Haploid gametes, diploid zygote
47
Inversion
a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction. Usually, these aberrations result in fewer harmful effects than other chromosomal alterations as the genes are still present in their normal number.
48
The diploid phase of the human life cycle begins with _____.
Fertilization
49
Synapsis
Connecting of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad
50
Polyploidy
cells of an organism have more than one pair of chromosomes
51
Monohybrid Cross
Aa x Aa
52
Dihybrid Cross
AaBb x AaBb
53
Trihybrid Cross
AaBbGg x AaBbGg
54
Dominant true-breed strain with a F1 dihybrid
AaBb X aabb
55
Testcross
A? x aa
56
RNA synthesis
Transcription
57
RNA polymerization
Transcription
58
DNA synthesis
Replication
59
DNA polymerization
Replication
60
Peptide Synthesis
Translation
61
Protein Synthesis
Translation
62
Nondisjunction
failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes, pulls all chromosomes to one side
63
Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait
64
Autosomal dominant (pattern 2)
Autosomal dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child
65
Autosomal recessive (pattern 1)
Autosomal recessive traits pass from both parents onto their child.
66
Polygenic Inheritance
Multiple genes contribute to the phenotype of a single trait
67
Pleiotropy
one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits
68
How to identify 5' end
Has phosphate group attached
69
What is the function of single stranded binding proteins in DNA replication
Stabilize single stranded DNA and prevent re-connecting of the two strands
70
DNA synthesizes
5' -> 3'
71
DNA is read
3' -> 5'
72
Spliceosome
To remove introns from pre mRNA and join together exons to produce mature
73
Kinase Enzyme
Adds a phosphate group to a protein molecule
74
Cell Identity
Proteins that are expressed in a cell
75
Recombination Frequency
frequency with which a single chromosomal crossing occurs between two genes during meiosis
76
Signal Transduction
Functions to turn on specific genes to express a specific protein called for by the signal
77
Types of rearrangements of pieces of chromosomes
1. Deletion 2.Duplication 3.Inversion 4.Reciprocal Translocation
77
What influences phenotypic traits (expressed traits)
- Genotype - Environment -External, Internal, Intracellular
77
Study of Genetics
Gregor Mendel, 1866
77
Incomplete Dominance
Phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes- seen in how you can get pink from red and white flowers
78
Codominance
Heterozygote, expresses the distinct trait of both alleles
79
Pleiotropy
One gene influences many characteristics
80
Polygenic Inheritance
The additive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character
81
Chromosome theory of Inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
82
When you have two independent events occurring together, you __ their probabilities together.
Multiply
83
For transcription how is cDNA read
3'- 5'
84
In translation, a tRNA brings the next amino acid to the _______ to elongate the polypeptide chain by having its ________ recognize the next triplet on the mRNA.
A site, anticodon
85
In a sexually reproducing diploid organism, its homologous chromosomes may have up to ______ different allele(-s); but, its population may have ______ different allele(-s).
two, many more than 2
86
For translation, mRNA is read _.
5' to 3'
87
Enhancers are
DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind to allow RNA polymerase to bind at promoter to make mRNA.
88
For transcription, tDNA is read
3' to 5'
89
Translational control
governs the efficiency of mRNAs
90
Frameshift Mutation
the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene, resulting in a chance in the triplet grouping of nucleotides
91
Missense Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon being changed from encoding one amino acid to another
92
Nonsense Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence that converts an amino acid encoding codon to a stop codon, thus shortening the polypeptide
93
Silent Mutation
A mutation in a gene that changes a codon to one that codes for the same amino acid, this the amino acid sequence is unchanged

BIOL 1030 (1 decks)

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