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BIOL 102 > BIOL 102 > Flashcards

BIOL 102 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Darwin and Wallace hypothesize?

A

Species evolve due to changes in a population from one generation to the next (shared ancestry)

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2
Q

How to measure survival of the fittest?

A

number of mates, number of offspring, number of grandchildren

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3
Q

What are adaptations

A

anatomical, physiological, or behavioral traits that are inheritable, increase an individuals survival/reproduction to its environment, is functional, variations of population, and increases fittness

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

process by which certain inherited traits make it easier for some individuals to survive/reproduction by changing the genetic makeup of population overtime.

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5
Q

Evolution

A

genetic makeup of a population that changes overtime, sometimes resulting in the adaptations to new environments

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6
Q

Homologous traits

A

traits similar across species because their common ancestor passed down those traits to its descendants

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7
Q

transitional features

A

are intermediate traits that are present in extinct species

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8
Q

pedigrees

A

track inheritance of a trait across generations and make predicitons

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9
Q

carrier

A

an individual who has one copy of the allele but is not expressed phenotypically

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10
Q

express the trait

A

shown phenotypically

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11
Q

recessive or dominant in pedigree?

A

recessive often skip a generation

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12
Q

Chiasmata is…

A

formed between homologous chromosomes

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13
Q

autosomal

A

neither male of female; only 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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14
Q

X-linked inheritance?

A

only effects the X in males and females

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15
Q

co-dominant

A

Fully expressed in different parts (patches of black, patches of white on a cow) use all capital letters (3 phenotypes)

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16
Q

incomplete dominance

A

red, white create pink (3 phenotypes)

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17
Q

Y-linked ?

A

biological males have only 1 Y chromosome- 1 allele; males only pass down their Y-linked traits to their songs

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18
Q

Mutations….

A

introduce permanent changes to an individual’s genetic material

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19
Q

deleterious mutation

A

harmful

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20
Q

neutral mutations

A

dont really know they are there

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21
Q

advantageous mutation

A

helps one survive and reproduce

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22
Q

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium means no what?

A

no evolution is occuring

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23
Q

5 assumptions of HW E?

A
  1. no natural selection
  2. no migration
  3. no genetic drift
  4. no mutations
  5. random mating
  6. large populations
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24
Q

gene pool?

A

double the amount of alleles (150—-300)

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25
Q

allele frequencies

A

f(a)=
f(A)=

p+q=1

26
Q

genotype frequencies

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

27
Q

p2

A

frequency of AA

28
Q

q2

A

frequency of aa

29
Q

2pq

A

frequency of Aa

30
Q

fixed allele

A

not equal to 1 or 100%

31
Q

particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants (genes) of a trait maintain their integrity from parents to their offspring

32
Q

Alleles

A

an individual has 2 particles of a trait, one inherited by each mom and dad

33
Q

genotype

A

combination of alleles (AA, Aa, aa)

34
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics shown

35
Q

homozygous

A

AA or aa

36
Q

heterozygous

A

Aa

37
Q

hetero x homo dominant

A

Aa x AA

38
Q

hetero x homo recessive

A

Aa x aa

39
Q

alleles segregate

A

a parent passes down one allele to an offspring at random (50/50)

40
Q

genes assort independently

A

traits are often inherited independently from other traits

41
Q

do both parents contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring?

A

yes

42
Q

vestigial traits are common

A

such a wisdom teeth

43
Q

Clarifications about evolution via natural selection

A
  1. populations evolve and adapt overtime
  2. small differences from one generation to the next accumulate as more time passes
  3. natural selection is not random
  4. natural selection is not goal-driven and does not result in perfection
  5. species that have more traits in common are more likely to be related to one other than to other species
  6. we look for transitional features present in extinct species
44
Q

Mendel was interested in?

A

how traits are passed down from parents to offspring

45
Q

what were mendel’s hypotheses

A
  1. blending inheritance- offspring are perfect mix of their two biological parents
  2. acquired characteristics- are passed down
46
Q

conclusions of mendel-

A
  1. genes passed down from parent to offspring
  2. both parents contribute equally to the genotype offspring
  3. some alleles are dominant in expression to others
47
Q

what did mendel observe?

A

see color/shape
pod color/shape
plant height
flower shape/color

48
Q

did mendel hypotheses work?

A

no they didnt

49
Q

what book did darwin write

A

on the origin of species

50
Q

what did darwin book do

A

species showed evident from “descent with modification” from common ancestors; natural selection is a mechanism behind descent with modification

51
Q

darwin saw what

A

how individuals were suited for environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

52
Q

what is directional selection?

A

one survives better than the other

expected:
AA= 0.25
Aa=0.50
aa= 0.25

observed:
AA- 0.35
Aa- 0.45
aa- 0.10

change was in the homo dominant better survival

53
Q

Stabilizing selection (best of natural selection)

A

Expected:
AA-0.25
Aa- 0.50
aa-0.25

observed:
AA-0.20
Aa-0.65—– better survival with the heterozygous
aa-0.15

low variation in population average phenotype

the average might not change

54
Q

disruptive selection

A

acts against the average phenotype, high variations

expected:
AA- 0.25
AB-0.50
BB- 0.25

observed:
AA- 0.35 increase
AB- 0.30 lower
BB- 0.35 increase

55
Q

recombination is the mixing of alleles

A

Fb; fB

56
Q

somatic mutations

A

cell in body; cant be passed on (cancer)

57
Q

germ-line mutations

A

cells and plants; can be passed on to offspring

58
Q

alleles…

A

different forms of genes and different genetic sequence

59
Q

genotypes

A

genetic makeup of a gene

60
Q

phenotype

A

display the physical characteristics and can be influenced by genotypes and environment

61
Q

Artificial selection

A

the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

BIOL 102 (1 decks)

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