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Biology 101 > BIOL. 101 Final > Flashcards

BIOL. 101 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s water cohesion?

A

polar water molecules binding to each other

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2
Q

What’s water adhesion?

A

polar water molecules binding to other things. makes most other things wet.

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3
Q

Water strongly repels _____________

A

nonpolar molecules

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4
Q

Water helps to maintain __________ by exhibiting a high ______ capacity

A

homeostasis; heat

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5
Q

Ion

A

atom of an element that DOES NOT have an equal number of protons & electrons

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6
Q

Base

A

substance that decreases H+ concentration in a solution (has OH-)

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7
Q

Acid

A

substance that increases H+ concentration in a solution

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8
Q

Buffer

A

chemicals/substances that help keep a solution at a certain pH by adding or removing H+; helps maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

Neutral pH level

A

7

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10
Q

Partial positive charges are attracted to ___________

A

partial negative charges

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11
Q

Top 3 Irreplaceable Resources:

A

topsoil, groundwater, and biodiversity

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12
Q

Explain why an insect can walk on water, whereas you
cannot

A

surface tension due to cohesion. Weight of human overcomes due to gravity; weight of insect not great enough.

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13
Q

When you drink a cola, you are consuming an acid. Why
doesn’t your body’s pH go down as a result?

A

your body’s natural buffering system takes up the extra H+ with end result not changing pH. homeostasis.

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14
Q

Would adding table salt to a bottle of water cause the water
to freeze to ice faster than when you place the bottle in the
freezer without adding salt?

A

no, bc Na+ interferes with H bonding of water molec.’s, thereby not “holding” the H’s still enough to form ice crystals easily. Think of why spreading salt on icy/snowy roads cause melting of the ice.

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15
Q

Would adding table salt (NaCl) to a pan of water cause the
water to come to a boil faster on a stove? Why or why not?

A

Yes, bc speeds up thermal reaction. Recall, Na+ attraction to partial negatively charged O. This would interfere with H bonds between water molecules themselves.

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16
Q

Macromolecules are _________

A

polymers; building material for cells & belong to either: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. A molecule built of long chains of similar subunits (monomers.)

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17
Q

Phylogeny

A

the history of an organism & its relationship to other
species.

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compounds that includes SUGARS

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19
Q

Lipids

A

organic compounds that includes FATS & CHOLESTEROL

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20
Q

Proteins

A

organic compounds that includes ENZYMES

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21
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

organic compounds that include DNA

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22
Q

An organic compound contains the element ________

A

Carbon (C)

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23
Q

Fats are polymers (T/F)

A

False! Strictly, fats are NOT polymers, but their fatty acid tails are added like polymers.

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24
Q

Polymers are built through the process of __________________

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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25
Q

How does dehydration synthesis work?

A

H and OH are removed, which then combine to form 1 water molecule. A covalent bond forms.

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26
Q

Polymers are broken down through the process of ____________

A

Hydrolysis

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27
Q

How does hydrolysis work?

A

1 water molecule attacks the covalent bond (formed through dehydration synthesis) & is broken apart in the process.

28
Q

Making and breaking macromolecules usually involves the
use of __________

A

Enzymes

29
Q

Enzymes

A

a special class of proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but are themselves not changed in the process

30
Q

5 groups of proteins

A

Enzymes, Structural proteins, Contractile proteins, Transport proteins, and Defensive proteins

31
Q

All protein polymers are composed of _____________

A

amino acid monomers.

32
Q

HYDROPHILIC Amino Acids have…..

A

polar OR charged R groups

33
Q

HYDROPHOBIC Amino Acids have….

A

nonpolar R groups

34
Q

Amino acid monomers link together to form _______________

A

protein polypeptides

35
Q

The covalent bond between the linked amino acids is called a ________________

A

peptide bond

36
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

primary (amino acid), secondary (a-Helixes), tertiary (polypeptide chains), and quaternary (complex of protein molecule)

37
Q

In a protein secondary structure……

A
  • H bonding is important to generate folding.
  • Involves atoms of the polypeptide chain.
38
Q

In a protein tertiary structure…….

A
  • Interactions between R groups involved.
  • Results in chemical bonds (for example, H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds.)
39
Q

Protein denaturation usually results in….

A

the protein not being able to function properly.

40
Q

Do you think hydrolysis of a protein requires an enzyme like
dehydration synthesis does? Explain.

A

usually yes, as most most biologically relevant reactions occur with enzymatic help. E.g. proteinases, which are used in protein digestion (via hydrolysis)

41
Q

Why don’t the amino groups of amino acids make all
proteins polar?

A

BC the “R” groups (functional groups) also contribute to polarity or nonpolarity of the protein

42
Q

“R” groups are also known as ___________

A

functional groups

43
Q

What force holds the subunits of a protein like hemoglobin
together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

44
Q

Why do you think most heat-denatured proteins don’t
spontaneously refold when they cool back to room temperature?

A

most of the bonds broken do not easily reform (e.g. too high of energy required). (e.g. you can’t un-cook an egg)

45
Q

6 kingdoms of life

A

bacteria, archaea, protists, plantae, fungi, anamalia

46
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

47
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

populations can mate & produce fertile offspring.

Additionally, If organisms cannot do this, then they
are reproductively isolated, AKA members of DIFFERENT species.

48
Q

Taxonomy

A

a branch of biology that identifies & names groups of
related organisms

49
Q

Taxon

A

a group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system

50
Q

The Energy Cycle

A

Cells use 2 complementary processes (photosynthesis & cellular respiration) to convert energy from the sun to stored potential energy in food and then convert it into potential energy stored in ATP.

51
Q

The Krebs Cycle & ETC take place inside the ___________

A

mitochondria

52
Q

Number of membranes in the mitochindria

A

2: inner and outer

53
Q

Matrix

A

inner space between the crista

54
Q

Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle generated…..

A

2 ATP,
8 NADH (Glycolysis=2)
2 FADH₂
6 CO₂

55
Q

Number of stages in cellular respiration

A

3: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC)

56
Q

The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs WITH oxygen (T/F)

A

True!

57
Q

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) results in the formation of……

A

H₂O and ATP by movement of H⁺ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

58
Q

4 Steps of the ETC…..

A
  1. Harvesting Electrons,
  2. Pumping Protons Out,
  3. Forming Water,
  4. Making ATP
59
Q

The electron transport chain results in…

A

Oxygen being reduced & reacted with hydrogen to yield water, and 34 ATP

60
Q

Even without oxygen, cells can metabolize food to
generate energy for work through ________________

A

fermentation

61
Q

Ethanol Fermentation done by…..

A

prokaryotes & some eukaryotes (e.g. yeast)

62
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation done by……

A

some bacteria & some eukaryote cells

63
Q

Anaerobes

A

organisms that live without O₂. Obligate anaerobes can’t live with O₂.

64
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase, an _________, catalyzes the transfer of H from NADH to pyruvate, making __________

A

enzyme, lactate

65
Q

Why is it advantageous for mitochondria to have cristae?

A

The folded, inner membrane (cristae) increases the surface
area of membranes inside mitochondria. This is where ETC
occurs, so gives more room to work.

66
Q

If the ETC uses energy to drive H⁺ out of the matrix, how is it
that the consequently formed ATP are made WITHIN the matrix?

A

When enough H⁺ builds up in the intermembrane space, a
diffusion gradient results, causing the H⁺ to go through ATP
synthase. ATP synthase then generates ATP, inside the matrix.

67
Q

What would happen to glycolysis if NAD⁺ wasn’t recycled?

A

Glycolysis would soon stop bc no available electron carrier
(NAD⁺) could move the electrons into the Krebs Cycle or ETC.

Biology 101 (1 decks)

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