BIOL. 101 Final

Question 1

What’s water cohesion?

Answer 1

polar water molecules binding to each other

Question 2

What’s water adhesion?

Answer 2

polar water molecules binding to other things. makes most other things wet.

Question 3

Water strongly repels _____________

Answer 3

nonpolar molecules

Question 4

Water helps to maintain __________ by exhibiting a high ______ capacity

Answer 4

homeostasis; heat

Question 5

Ion

Answer 5

atom of an element that DOES NOT have an equal number of protons & electrons

Question 6

Base

Answer 6

substance that decreases H+ concentration in a solution (has OH-)

Question 7

Acid

Answer 7

substance that increases H+ concentration in a solution

Question 8

Buffer

Answer 8

chemicals/substances that help keep a solution at a certain pH by adding or removing H+; helps maintain homeostasis

Question 9

Neutral pH level

Answer 9

7

Question 10

Partial positive charges are attracted to ___________

Answer 10

partial negative charges

Question 11

Top 3 Irreplaceable Resources:

Answer 11

topsoil, groundwater, and biodiversity

Question 12

Explain why an insect can walk on water, whereas you
cannot

Answer 12

surface tension due to cohesion. Weight of human overcomes due to gravity; weight of insect not great enough.

Question 13

When you drink a cola, you are consuming an acid. Why
doesn’t your body’s pH go down as a result?

Answer 13

your body’s natural buffering system takes up the extra H+ with end result not changing pH. homeostasis.

Question 14

Would adding table salt to a bottle of water cause the water
to freeze to ice faster than when you place the bottle in the
freezer without adding salt?

Answer 14

no, bc Na+ interferes with H bonding of water molec.’s, thereby not “holding” the H’s still enough to form ice crystals easily. Think of why spreading salt on icy/snowy roads cause melting of the ice.

Question 15

Would adding table salt (NaCl) to a pan of water cause the
water to come to a boil faster on a stove? Why or why not?

Answer 15

Yes, bc speeds up thermal reaction. Recall, Na+ attraction to partial negatively charged O. This would interfere with H bonds between water molecules themselves.

Question 16

Macromolecules are _________

Answer 16

polymers; building material for cells & belong to either: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. A molecule built of long chains of similar subunits (monomers.)

Question 17

Phylogeny

Answer 17

the history of an organism & its relationship to other
species.

Question 18

Carbohydrates

Answer 18

organic compounds that includes SUGARS

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

organic compounds that includes FATS & CHOLESTEROL

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

organic compounds that includes ENZYMES

Question 21

Nucleic Acids

Answer 21

organic compounds that include DNA

Question 22

An organic compound contains the element ________

Answer 22

Carbon (C)

Question 23

Fats are polymers (T/F)

Answer 23

False! Strictly, fats are NOT polymers, but their fatty acid tails are added like polymers.

Question 24

Polymers are built through the process of __________________

Answer 24

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 25

How does dehydration synthesis work?

Answer 25

H and OH are removed, which then combine to form 1 water molecule. A covalent bond forms.

Question 26

Polymers are broken down through the process of ____________

Answer 26

Hydrolysis

Question 27

How does hydrolysis work?

Answer 27

1 water molecule attacks the covalent bond (formed through dehydration synthesis) & is broken apart in the process.

Question 28

Making and breaking macromolecules usually involves the use of __________

Answer 28

Enzymes

Question 29

Enzymes

Answer 29

a special class of proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but are themselves not changed in the process

Question 30

5 groups of proteins

Answer 30

Enzymes, Structural proteins, Contractile proteins, Transport proteins, and Defensive proteins

Question 31

All protein polymers are composed of _____________

Answer 31

amino acid monomers.

Question 32

HYDROPHILIC Amino Acids have.....

Answer 32

polar OR charged R groups

Question 33

HYDROPHOBIC Amino Acids have....

Answer 33

nonpolar R groups

Question 34

Amino acid monomers link together to form _______________

Answer 34

protein polypeptides

Question 35

The covalent bond between the linked amino acids is called a ________________

Answer 35

peptide bond

Question 36

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 36

primary (amino acid), secondary (a-Helixes), tertiary (polypeptide chains), and quaternary (complex of protein molecule)

Question 37

In a protein secondary structure......

Answer 37

- H bonding is important to generate folding. - Involves atoms of the polypeptide chain.

Question 38

In a protein tertiary structure.......

Answer 38

- Interactions between R groups involved. - Results in chemical bonds (for example, H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds.)

Question 39

Protein denaturation usually results in....

Answer 39

the protein not being able to function properly.

Question 40

Do you think hydrolysis of a protein requires an enzyme like dehydration synthesis does? Explain.

Answer 40

usually yes, as most most biologically relevant reactions occur with enzymatic help. E.g. proteinases, which are used in protein digestion (via hydrolysis)

Question 41

Why don’t the amino groups of amino acids make all proteins polar?

Answer 41

BC the “R” groups (functional groups) also contribute to polarity or nonpolarity of the protein

Question 42

"R" groups are also known as ___________

Answer 42

functional groups

Question 43

What force holds the subunits of a protein like hemoglobin together?

Answer 43

Hydrogen bonds

Question 44

Why do you think most heat-denatured proteins don’t spontaneously refold when they cool back to room temperature?

Answer 44

most of the bonds broken do not easily reform (e.g. too high of energy required). (e.g. you can't un-cook an egg)

Question 45

6 kingdoms of life

Answer 45

bacteria, archaea, protists, plantae, fungi, anamalia

Question 46

3 domains of life

Answer 46

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 47

Biological Species Concept

Answer 47

populations can mate & produce fertile offspring. Additionally, If organisms cannot do this, then they are reproductively isolated, AKA members of DIFFERENT species.

Question 48

Taxonomy

Answer 48

a branch of biology that identifies & names groups of related organisms

Question 49

Taxon

Answer 49

a group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system

Question 50

The Energy Cycle

Answer 50

Cells use 2 complementary processes (photosynthesis & cellular respiration) to convert energy from the sun to stored potential energy in food and then convert it into potential energy stored in ATP.

Question 51

The Krebs Cycle & ETC take place inside the ___________

Answer 51

mitochondria

Question 52

Number of membranes in the mitochindria

Answer 52

2: inner and outer

Question 53

Matrix

Answer 53

inner space between the crista

Question 54

Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle generated.....

Answer 54

2 ATP, 8 NADH (Glycolysis=2) 2 FADH₂ 6 CO₂

Question 55

Number of stages in cellular respiration

Answer 55

3: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 56

The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs WITH oxygen (T/F)

Answer 56

True!

Question 57

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) results in the formation of......

Answer 57

H₂O and ATP by movement of H⁺ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 58

4 Steps of the ETC.....

Answer 58

1. Harvesting Electrons, 2. Pumping Protons Out, 3. Forming Water, 4. Making ATP

Question 59

The electron transport chain results in...

Answer 59

Oxygen being reduced & reacted with hydrogen to yield water, and 34 ATP

Question 60

Even without oxygen, cells can metabolize food to generate energy for work through ________________

Answer 60

fermentation

Question 61

Ethanol Fermentation done by.....

Answer 61

prokaryotes & some eukaryotes (e.g. yeast)

Question 62

Lactic Acid Fermentation done by......

Answer 62

some bacteria & some eukaryote cells

Question 63

Anaerobes

Answer 63

organisms that live without O₂. Obligate anaerobes can't live with O₂.

Question 64

Lactate dehydrogenase, an _________, catalyzes the transfer of H from NADH to pyruvate, making __________

Answer 64

enzyme, lactate

Question 65

Why is it advantageous for mitochondria to have cristae?

Answer 65

The folded, inner membrane (cristae) increases the surface area of membranes inside mitochondria. This is where ETC occurs, so gives more room to work.

Question 66

If the ETC uses energy to drive H⁺ out of the matrix, how is it that the consequently formed ATP are made WITHIN the matrix?

Answer 66

When enough H⁺ builds up in the intermembrane space, a diffusion gradient results, causing the H⁺ to go through ATP synthase. ATP synthase then generates ATP, inside the matrix.

Question 67

What would happen to glycolysis if NAD⁺ wasn’t recycled?

Answer 67

Glycolysis would soon stop bc no available electron carrier (NAD⁺) could move the electrons into the Krebs Cycle or ETC.