Biol 1002 Pomarico Exam 2 Flashcards
The Kingdom Fungi consists of organisms that are…
Eukaryotic, mainly multicellular and heterotrophic decomposers (by absorption).
Eukaryotic, mainly multicellular and heterotrophic decomposers (by absorption).
Mycelium, hyphae, septa, chitin and spores.
Mycelium
The feeding network of a fungus, which is usually underground or within the surface of a decaying organism. It is composed of a woven mesh of hyphae.
Hyphae
The threadlike filaments of a fungus. These filaments are the building structure of the mycelium. They consist of a tubular cell wall containing chitin surrounding a plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide of modified sugars.
Septa
Structures of a dikaryotic fungi that partially separate the cytoplasm inside the hyphae. This separation is incomplete so that the cytoplasm distribute nutrients but keep the nuclei apart.
Spores
Haploid cells, which can grow directly into a hyphae.
Chytrids (Division Chytridiomycota)
Have a aquatic life-cycle; no septa present; characterized by swimming flagellated spores; is usually linked to parasitic infection of amphibians
Zygote fungi (Division Zygomycota)
Named for the zygospore, which has a thick cell wall and produced from the fusion of two different haploid mating types; no septa present; usually only goes through asexual reproduction, involving haploid spores which grow directly into sporangia
ex: Black bread mold and dung fungus
Mycorrhizae fungi (Division Glomeromycota)
Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants; no septa present; hyphae surround and penetrate root cells of plants, which forms an beneficial interaction called a mycorrhiza
Club fungi (Division Basidiomycota)
Named for the “club” shaped, reproductive structure called a basidia, which produces basidiospores; usually reproduce sexually; septa present; have very large mycelium, which produces a fairy ring
ex: common mushrooms and relatives, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts and smuts
Sac fungi (Division Ascomycota)
Named for the sac (aka ascus), which contains several haploid spores; sexual and asexual; septa present
ex: penicillin fungus, most yeast (good and bad) athlete’s foot fungus, Jock itch, powder mildew of rye (LSD), Dutch Elm disease, Blue cheese fungus and truffles
Saprobes
Decomposers of dead material (most fungi fall into this group)
Lichens
A symbiotic relationship between a fungal species and either a cyanobacteria or a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotics; often found growing on bare rock or dead wood; one of the first organisms to appear in the primary succession of a communtiy
Mycorrhizae
A symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of a plant; helps send the plant water, minerals and nutrients (especially phosphorus containing compounds) in exchange for some sugars that the plant produces
The Kingdom Animalia consists of organisms that are…
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (ingestion), reproduce sexually, have no cell wall, have rapid response to stimuli, goes through embryonic development and aerobic
The organisms of the Kingdom Animalia were thought have have evolved from…
Animal-like protists and developed more complex and organized bodies
Some of the increases in complexity and organization of organisms in the Kingdom Animalia were…
Cellular specialization, body plan, segmentation and digestive system
Cephalization
A body plan where there is a concentration of nervous tissue (including a “brain” and sensory organs) in a defined region
Segmentation
A body design in which similar repeating units are present
Cellular specialization
Leads to the development of tissues, which then can lead to the combination of tissues into an organ and then organ systems
Tissue
Specialized cells with a common structure and function that are grouped together or non-cellular components made by cells (ex: bone)
Organs
Centers of bodily function, which are made up of different tissues
Organ systems
Are groups of two or more organs that function together to perform a common task
What is the defining feature that first separated the Kingdom Animalia?
The presence/absence of tissues in an organism
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
Non-moving (Sessile); filter feeders; reproduces sexually or asexually by budding and fragmentation; lack tissue structures
What are the three types of specialized cells found in the sponge phylum?
Epithelial cells, collar cells and amoeboid cells
Epithelial cells (of sponges)
The outer layer of the sponge, which acts like a skin. Makes up and regulates pores.
Collar cells
The inner layer of the of sponge, which pumps water through the sponge using flagella and filters out the food.
Amoeboid cells
Mobile cells between the two layers that ingest the collected food. Responsible from the reproduction of the sponge and secretes hard mineral needle-like structures called spicules and skeletal fibers made of protein called spongin.
Spicules
The skeletal structural of the sponge.
The lack of tissues in sponges results in…
An asymmetrical body plan.
For an organism to have symmetry indicates…
That a geometric plane could be drawn through an organism such that the halves of the organism are “mirror” images of each other.
What are the two types of symmetry seen in organisms?
Radial and bilateral symmetry.
Hydra, Corals, Anemones and Jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria)
Mostly marine; tissue present (including a nerve net); reproduce sexually or asexually ; have embryonic development which includes germ layers
Germ layers
The layers of cells in the early embryo that lead to all tissues and organs
Diploblastic
Two germ layers
Triploblastic
Three germ layers
The possible types of germ layers…
Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
Endoderm
Germ layer that develop into the interior lining of the organs
Mesoderm
Germ layer that develop into the muscle, skeleton and circulatory system
Ectoderm
Germ layer that develop into the outer coverings
Organisms of the Phylum Cnidaria have missing mesoderm meaning that they are…
Diploblastic
Between the outer layer and the inner layer of the Cnidarian organisms is…
The mesoglia
Mesoglia
The hydro-static skeleton of the Cnidarian organisms
Cnidarian organisms have sac-like body with a…
Gastrovascular cavity
What are the two body types that reside in the Phylum Cnidaria?
Polyp and medusa
Comb jellies are part of the Phylum…
Ctenophora
Other than the Phylum Cnidaria and (maybe Ctenophora), all the remaining phyla in the Kingdom Animalia have…
Bilateral symmetry and three germ layers
Some species (Sea Urchins and Starfish) are unique because…
They have radial symmetry as adults but have bilateral symmetry in their larval stages.
With bilateral symmetry, comes…
Cephalization
The corresponding developmental differences between protostomes and deutrostomes:
Spiral/determinate cleavage (protostomes) and radial/indeterminate cleavage (deutrostomes). The four cells of an early protostome embryo undergo cleavage which is oblique to the original body axis. On the other hand, early deutrostome embryo undergo cleavage which is parallel with and perpendicular to the body axis.
Totipotency
The ability of cells, typically embryonic cells, to differentiate into any type of body cell.
note: Protostromes lose this ability by the four cell stage, while deutrostomes retain this ability even after the four cell stage.
The two branches of the Protostomes of the Animal Kingdom:
Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans
The group Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans are separated based on…
Specialized anatomy and molecular data (mostly 18S rDNA sequences)
Within the Lophotrochozoans are 3 major phyla:
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms), Annelida (Annelids/Segmented Worms) and Mollusca (Mollusks)
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Bilateral symmetry; has some type of coelom; concentration of ganglia and sensory organs in the head of the non-parasitic species; organized tissues; one-way digestive system, where food enters through the pharynx and waste leaves through specialized excretory cells (flame cells); free-living and parasitic
ex: tapeworms, hookworms and liverflukes (these are all parasitic organisms)
Coelom
A body cavity that is between the digestive system and the body wall
A body cavity that is between the digestive system and the body wall
