Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geog 101 > Biogeography > Flashcards

Biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biogeography

A

Geography of life, Science of understanding spatial patterns of Biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organism distribution causes

A

Geographic template and when they change, Biota response, species interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is Biogeography important

A

Organisms’ importance, understanding uneven spatial distribution, adapting to environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percent of species face extinction due to climate change

A

15-37%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Whakapapa-
Kaitiakitanga-
Mauri-
Taonga-

A

Whakapapa - Understanding the total environment
Kaitiakitanga - guardianship of the environment
Mauri - energy, the life force of all things
Taonga - treasure, iconic species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Linnean system

A

Order-Family-Genus-Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Terrestrial biomes

A

Areas of similar climates and vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Environmental gradient

A

Change in abiotic (non living) factors through space (e.g moisture, altitude)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Species response function

A

Measure of the performance of a species along an environmental gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Environmental gradient conditions

A

Temperature, moisture, salinity etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Environmental gradient resources

A

Food, water, space, soil, breeding, something competed for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Niche

A

The set of environmental conditions in which a species can survive in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

The set of environmental conditions in which a species can survive in the absence of other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Realized Niche

A

The set of environmental conditions in which a species can survive with organisms present (geographic range)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is realized niche or fundamental niche smaller

A

Realized niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can we see from an observed distribution of a species

A

Realised and environmental niche models, as well as predict potential distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IUCN red list criteria

A

Population reduction, restricted geographic range and extinction probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does IUCN red list criteria result in

A

The species being endangered or vulnerable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Species distribution types

A

Cosmopolitan, Disjunct, Endemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Invasion Biogeography
Alien-
Naturalised-
Invasive-
Weed-
Introduced-

A

Alien - A species whose precense in an area is due to human activity
Naturalised - Alien species that manage to sustain viable populations
Invasive - Naturalised species dispersing far away from site of introduction
Weed - Any species that does harm
Introduced - Any species that has been transported by humans across a major geographical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Species richness

A

Overlapping species ranges in a location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cosmopolitan species traits

A

Wide niche range (large environmantal tolerance), Generalist, Rapid breeding, Short generation time (quicker evolution), Good disperser, Transported by people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disjunct species traits

A

Relict features, Range contraction, Long-distance dispersal, Plate tectonics/sea level rise, Human habitat fragmentation (anthropogenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Endemism species traits

A

Relict features, Range contraction, Land patterns, Mountain tops/oceanic islands (isolation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Biodiversity
Variety of life; includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
26
How is biodiversity measured
Number of species and genetic diversity
27
Global species richness Total known- Total estimated- Vertebrates- Invertebrates- Vascular plants-
Total known - 1.7 million Total estimated - 9 million Vertebrates - 70,000 Invertebrates - 1.3 million Vascular plants - 390,000
28
Nz species richness Total known- Vertebrates- Invertebrates- Vascular plants- Native and exotic vascular plants- Percentage alien and endemic
Total known - 56,000 Vertebrates - 1,700 Invertebrates - 20,000 Vascular plants - 4,700 Native and exotic vascular plants - 2,200 and 2,500 50% alien 80% Endemic
29
Region hotspot criteria
>1500 species of endemic vascular plants, lost >70% of original habitat
30
NZ Endemism in terms of taxonomic level and why
High endemism at species level Low endemism at family/order level Due to geographic isolation following gondwana connection (species derived from common ancestor)
31
Nz Endemism in terms of plant type
High rate of endemism in woody species (poor dispersers) Low rate of endemism in ferns/orchids (good dispersed)
32
Drivers of Biodiversity
Biological processes: speciation and extinction Environmental factors: Energy, climate, geography/area, time
33
Speciation
Process by which populations of same species evolve into two distinct species
34
Speciation types
Allopatric and Sympatric
35
Allopatric speciation
Vicariance, geographic separation of population into disjunct populations
36
Sympatric speciation
Speciation in Geographically unchanged areas
37
Types of extinction
local and global
38
5 mass extinctions
End ordovician, late devonian, end permian/guadaloupen, end triassic, end cretacous
39
Species go extinct because
Small fragmentated populations, reduced fitness and offspring success
40
Drivers of biodiversity - Energy
Solar input higher at mid than polar latitudes
41
There is more biodiversity in polar or mid latitudes
Mid latitudes
42
Drivers of biodiversity - Climate
Tropical climates are more stable and have no glaciations and low seasonality.
43
Drivers of biodiversity - time
Evolutionary (long term) - the world has been tropical longer than nontropical giving species time to evolve to tropical climate. Ecological (short term) - higher environmental, climatic and geological stability in tropics giving species more time to disperse
44
Drivers of biodiversity - Geography/Area
Larger areas in equatorial areas meaning higher diversity of environment, more diverse species and therefore higher species richness
45
Patterns of extinction and immigration on islands
Island area and distance to mainland
46
Equillibrium species richness
We can expect smallest number of species on a small island far away from the mainland and vice versa
47
Species richness at equillibrium (Macarthur and wilsons theory on island biogeography)
Point at which species richness remains the same through equal rates of extinction and immigration, explains how spatial habitat arrangement can determine an area's biodiversity.
48
Ecological community
Assemblage of several co existing and interacting individuals of different species in a location or habitat at a given time
49
Ecological interactions
Biotic (organism on organism), Abiotic (use of resources)
50
Community structure
Measure of biodiversity (how many species and to what abundance)
51
Measures of community structure
Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index
52
Realised niche of a species determines its
Geographic range
53
The traits of a species in a community determines
How the species respond to the environment and what functional role they have in the ecosystem
54
Community composition
Species make up
55
Functional composition
Species traits of the different species, what role they play in the ecosysytem
56
Measures of community composition
Classification, ordination
57
Ordination methods
Principal component analysis (PCA), Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
58
Convergent evolution (convergence)
When organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar traits due to similar abiotic/biotic factors.
59
Ecosystem services
Functional and physical properties of ecosystems that are of use to people
60
Ecosystem services types
Provisioning, regulating, cultural recreation, supporting
61
How does biodiversity benefit ecosystem functionality
Complementary, Insurance effect, Sampling effect, Response effect
62
Four main processes of environmental change
Tectonics (separation from Gondwana), Tectonics (Oligocene drowning), Land uplift/mountain formation, Climate change
63
How have tectonics resulted in environmental change in Nz
Nz tectonic events have shaped Nz Biota with vicariance e.g Ratites
64
How has land uplift resulted in environmental change in Nz
Nz was originally a low lying archipelago well separated from the rest of the world, resulting in 93% of Alpine species in Nzs' young mountains being Endemic.
65
How has climate change resulted in environmental change in Nz
At last glacial maximum, Nz had larger land area, lots of ice and mostly open grass/shrubland, restricting the forests to the warm Northern tip of Nz
66
When was the: Nz seperation from Gondwana - Nz Oligocene drowning - Last glacial maximum in Nz -
Gondwana seperation - 60 mya Oligocene drwoning - 23 mya Last glacial maximum - 21,000 ya
67
Five main processes of anthropogenic environmental change
Land use, climate change, Nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, Atmospheric CO2
68
Is Anthropogenic or natural environmental change faster
Anthropogenic
69
Species responses to environmental change
Adapt, move, die
70
Species processes to environmental change
Functional change (Phenology, change in species interactions), Range shifts
71
Phenology
Timing of a key life cycle stage

Geog 101 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions