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Geography 101 > Biogeography > Flashcards

Biogeography Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the number of global mammal biodiversity?
A. 5,488 spp.
B. 5,388 spp.
C. 4,500 spp.
D. 5,483 spp.

A

A. 5,488 spp.
Around 5 1/2 thousand species of mammals
Some species groups and mammals- they are nice and big and easy to identify

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2
Q

“…we predict, on the basis of mid-range climate-warming scenarios for 2050, that ______% of species in our sample of regions and taxa will be ‘committed to extinction’.”
A. 12-37%
B. 12-36%
C. 15-37%
D.20-30%

A

C. 15-37%

About 15-37% of species are threatened by climate change

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3
Q

Roads show a sign of deforestation
True or false?

A

True.
By breaking up chunks of land to create roads, forests become spilt leading to habitat fragmentation (when large chunks of land are split into smaller land area)
Number of roads is the primary predicter of how much forest loss there is in an area

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4
Q

What are the effects of habitat fragmentation?
A. Habitat loss and reduced species richness
B. Nothing, it creates short cuts in a large forest, its efficient
C. Changes in forest conditions like humidity levels, wind, temperature and exposure to invasive species
D. Both A & C

A

D. Both A & C.
Habitat fragmentation can cut species off making it hard for them to get to other available resources, can lead to inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity. This reduces the long-term health of a population, making it more vulnerable to disease and at greater risk of extinction.

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5
Q

The Linnaean system is a classification system that groups together living things. What is the order:
A. Family, order, genus species
B. Order, family, genus, species
C. Species, genus, order, family
D. Genus, order, family, species

A

B. Order, family, genus, species

Carl Linnaeus is famous for creating a system of naming plants and animals—a system we still use today.

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6
Q

What is a biome?

A

Zones of similar climates and functionally similar vegetation

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7
Q

Species response function is the quantification of the fitness/performance of a species along an environmental gradient
True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

What are the two types of niches?

A

Fundamental and realised niche

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9
Q

What niche shows a set of environmental conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce in the absence of of other organisms ( i.e. without the effects of biotic interactions)
A. Fundamental
B. Realised

A

A. Fundamental
Fundamental niche shows the absolute fundamental limits in which a species could live. It is ALWAYS larger than the realised niche

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10
Q

A realised niche shows where the species is ACTUALLY found. True or False?

A

True
Realised niche shows a set of environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce with the presence of other species (i.e. with the effects of biotic interactions)

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11
Q

A realised niche of a species is ALWAYS______________ than its fundamental niche.
A. Bigger
B. Smaller

A

B. Smaller

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12
Q

True or False? A species can only survive in a region if the species niche overlaps with regions environmental space

A

True

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13
Q

What is an environmental gradient?

A

Environmental gradients, defined as gradual changes in biotic or abiotic environmental factors

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14
Q

____________________________ = a quantification of the performance/fitness of a species along an environmental gradient
a. species measurement function
b. species abundance function
c. species response function

A

c. species response function

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15
Q

What does a species response function graph have on it’s y & x axis’s?
a. y= abundance and x= environmental gradient
b. y= environmental gradient and x= time
c. y= abundance and x= time
d. y= environmental gradient and x= abundance

A

a. y= abundance and x= environmental gradient

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16
Q

Species with a wider environmental range don’t reach the same level for abundance compared to smaller narrow range of species. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Environmental gradients can’t be made up of conditions and/or resources. True or false?

A

False

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18
Q

Organism respond to conditions and resources. _________ = an abiotic environmental factor which varies in space and time. ____________ are NOT CONSUMED OR USED by organisms or made less available to others.
e.g. temp, moisture, salinity, light, O2
a. resources and resources
b. conditions and conditions
c. resources and conditions

A

b. conditions and conditions
It is just present, not consumed or reduced by the species

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19
Q

Organism respond to conditions and resources. _________ = quantities that CAN BE REDUCED OR USED UP by the activity of one organism as a result become unavailable to another
e.g. food, water, space, soil nutrients, nesting sites, light, O2
a. resources
b. conditions

A

a. resources
Lakes are a classic example- oxygen limited factor
Something happens and a species that uses up the oxygen in the lake means there is less for other species

20
Q

“The ____________ is the set of environmental states, in a multidimensional space, within which a species is able to survive”
a. habitat
b. gradient
c. niche

A

c. niche

21
Q

A _______________________ shows us where in the environment is suitable and unsuitable for species.

A

Species response function

22
Q

Can geographic space be mapped into longitude and latitudes on a grid system?

A

Yes

23
Q

To find _____________ niche we need to the absolute limits to a species physiological survival: in labs, glasshouse experiments, field observations without the influence of ither species.
a. realised
b. fundamental

A

b. fundamental
experiments need to be done in an environment where no other physical factor will impact the species

24
Q

To find the ___________ niche, we need to find the actual environmental limits in the presence of other species:
overlaying occurrence data with environmental data, competition experiments along environmental gradient
a. realised
b. fundamental

A

a. realised
This niches is a reflection of how a species reacts to the physical environment and how it interacts with other species

25
Q

What does GDD5 stand for?
a. Growing Drought Duration 5 degrees
b. Growing Degree Days above 5 degrees
c. Growing Duration Degrees 5 days

A

b. Growing Degree Days above 5 degrees

26
Q

An environmental niche model includes: multiple regression and 4 climate variables:
-GDD5
-Tmin
-Twarm
-Drought Index
What does Tmin stand for?

A

Temperature minimum

27
Q

A species can only survive in a region if the species niche overlaps with the region’s environmental space. Is this true?

A

Yes

28
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for conservation of nature

29
Q

What is a novel climate?

A

Novel (new, something that has never been seen) climates are warmer than any present climates globally, with spatially variable shifts in precipitation and increase the risk of species reshuffling into future no-angalog communities

30
Q
A
31
Q

What is the Global species richness of: Total known species
A. C. 1.7 Mio
B. C. 2.1 Mio
C. C. 1.6 Mio

A

A. C. 1.7 mio

32
Q

What is the Global species richness of: Total estimated species?
A. C. 6 Mio
B. C. 9 Mio
C. C. 4 Mio

A

B. C. 9 Mio

33
Q

What is the Global species richness of: vertebrates?
A. C. 70,000
B. C. 50,000
C. C. 20,000

A

A. C. 70,000

34
Q

What is the Global species richness of: invertebrates?
A. C. 5.7 Mio
B. C. 3. 2 Mio
C. C. 1.3 Mio

A

C. C. 1.3 Mio

35
Q

What is the Global species richness of: vascular plants?
A. C. 350,000
B. C. 900,000
C. C. 390,000

A

C. C. 390,000

36
Q

How does a region qualify as a hotspot? List the 2 ways

A
  1. > 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants
  2. Lost >70%of its original habitat
37
Q

What is New Zealand ‘s species richness of: total known species?
A. c. 56,000
B. c. 20,000
C. c. 45,000

A

A. c. 56,000

38
Q

What is New Zealand ‘s species richness of: vertebrates?
A. C. 1,700
B. C. 2,700
C. C. 500

A

A. C. 1,700

39
Q

What is New Zealand ‘s species richness of: Invertebrates ?
A. C. 40,000
B. C. 20,000
C. C. 35,000

A

B. C. 20,000

40
Q

What is New Zealand ‘s species richness of: vascular plants?
A. C. 4,700
B. C. 1,500
C. C. 6,000

A

A. C. 4,700

41
Q

Out of the C. 4,700 vascular plants in NZ how many are native?

A

C. 2,200

42
Q

Out of the C. 4,700 Vascular plants in NZ, how many are exotic?

A

C. 2,500

43
Q

There are approximately _____% of alien (non native) species in Nz.

A

50%

44
Q

There are approximately _____% of endemic (native) species in Nz.

A

80%

45
Q

Nz has ________ high rates of endemism at species level and _______ rates of endemism at family/ order level

A

High, low

46
Q

Nz has ________ rates of endemism in woody species (poor dispersers) and _______ rates of endemism in ferns/ orchids (good dispersers)

A

High, low

Geography 101 (2 decks)

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