Biogeochemical cycle citations

Question 1

Howarth 2008 (nitrogen)

Answer 1

‘one common consequence of increased nitrogen is an increase in harmful algae blooms’

Question 2

Glikson 2018 (carbon)

Answer 2

‘Advanced melting occurring in the CO2 range of 500-700 ppm threatens to flood coastal and river valleys where the bulk of population, industry and agriculture are concentrated’

Question 3

Glikson 2018 (carbon)

Answer 3

‘The extreme warming over polar regions, threatens the vast reserves on methane locked in permafrost’

Question 4

Kuypers 2018 (nitrogen)

Answer 4

‘Fertiliser use and legume cultivation have nearly doubled the nitrogen input to terrestrial and marine ecosystems’

Question 5

Kooijman 2010 (phosphorus)

Answer 5

‘lithosphere is the ultimate source of all phosphorus in the biosphere’

‘agriculture P is the principle driver of eutrophication’

‘rapid increase ion no-till agriculture and increasing trends in hedgerows may mitigate problem significantly’

Question 6

Kooijman 2010 (sulphur)

Answer 6

‘SOx gas impairs respiration in humans at high concentration and modernity toxic to plants’

‘S containing gases vented from tall smokestacks to be diluted at ground level’ - lead to acid rain

Question 7

Kooijman 2010 (nitrogen)

Answer 7

‘planting of N fixing crops (soybean), now capture 40 teragram of nitrogen per year’ but this can

‘increase emissions of N2O and leaching of N once organic N has bee mineralised’