Bioethics Test 1 Flashcards
normative claims
a claims of how things ought to be
discriptive statement
a statement about the world is
prescriptive
how things ought to be and a course of action
impermissible
should not be allowed
consequentialist
outcomes of an act determines if it impermissible
non-consequentialist
intention and act determines if it is permissible
Kantian deontology
treat the good (humanity) as an end in itself
act responsibilty
are you responsible for your actions?
truthfunctional sentence
can be true or falss
action guidance
looking to the theory for guidance on what to do
metaethics
the attempt to answer questions about the nature of ethical theory itself
types of metaethics
▪cognitivism
▪non-cognitivism
cognitivism
the view that moral judgements can be true or false
noncogntivism
view that moral judgements are not able to be true ir false
subjectivism
view that moral truth depends on the subjective attitudes and beleifs of individuals
objectivism
view that moral truths are based on facts, not attitudes
relativism
morality is relative to the norms of a culture
types of cognitivism
▪subjectivism
▪relativism
▪objectivism
normative ethics
the study of what makes things right or wrong
types of normative ethics
▪axiology
▪nirmarive ethics of behavior
axiology
study of what is good and bad
normative ethics of behavior
study of what is right and wrong
hedonism
pleasure and absence of pain are the only things that are good
desire satisfsction
the satisfaction of someones desire is the only thing that is good
egosim
action is right if it has the best consequences for the person doing it
utilitarianism
action is right if the consequences are optimal fir everyone
act type
category of actions
act token
specific action performed in a specific person in a slecific location
rule utilitarianism
an action is right if it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good
3 quwstions of metaethics
▪are moral statements true or false?
▪what makes moral statements true or false?
▪how do we know?
sites of evalutation
▪state of afairs
▪character
▪act itself
look where to evaluate sites or evalutation
▪intention
▪act
▪outcomes
▪consequences
nihilist
there are no moral truths
truthmakers
make a proposition true
absolute rights
cannot be limmited
prima facie (pro tanto) rights
rights that can be defeated
undercut
persons right is no longer valid because of their actions
argument
set if premises and conclusions
validity
if an argument is true while we assume the premises are
soundness
argument is valid and actually true
conjunction
P and Q
disjunction
P or Q
conditinal
“if…. then…”
antecendent
“if” part if a conditional
consequent
“then” part of conditional
modus ponens
if p then q
p
therefore q
modus tollens
if p then q
not q
then not p
affirming the consequent (fallacy)
if p then q
q
therefore p
denying the antecedent (fallacy)
if p then q
not p
therefore not q
hypothetical syllogism
if p then q
if q then r
p
therefore r
disjunctive syllogism
p or q
not p
q
override
right still exists, but situation allows the right to be dropped
moral residue
▪a need to repay a debt
▪occurs when a right is overriden
inalienable rights
rights that no one can take away
forfeit of a right
involuntary loss
waive of a right
voluntary loss
negative right
generates a weak corresponding duty
positive right
generates a strong duty
moral agents
bear duties that correspond to a right
moral patients
posses rights
morally obligatory
▪a duty which one is morally required to do
▪permissible and no other option exists
morally optional
▪an act that one is not morally required to do
▪permissible and there are other options
expressivist
moral statements are not truth bearing
monoistic axiology
1 thing has value, everything else js based on this value
pluralistic axiology
many different things have value
principle of humanity
treat humanity as an end in itself
principles based approach
look at abstract situations to find moral rules we can apply to the real world
case-based approach
looking at an individual case an deciding morality based on the specific situation
deductive argument
if the premises are true, the conclusion has to be true
inductive argument
asymptotically approach a gaurunteed argument
strength
measure of relationship between premises and conclusion
atomic sentences
one sentence letter
molecular sentences
sentences letters plus connectives
