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Biotechnology UAS > Bioethics > Flashcards

Bioethics Flashcards

1
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilization

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2
Q

When was IVF first made available?

A

1986

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3
Q

How many IVF children are estimated to be in the U.S.?

A

About 100,000

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4
Q

How many frozen embryos are there approximately in the U.S.?

A

About 400,000

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5
Q

How many frozen embryos are there in England?

A

52,000 (regulated by government)

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6
Q

What ethical issue arises from the creation of extra embryos in IVF?

A

Use for stem cell research

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7
Q

What did Celine Dion do with her embryos in 2000?

A

Frozen them during IVF procedure

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8
Q

What was the outcome of Celine Dion using her frozen embryos?

A

Gave birth to twins, Nelson and Eddy

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9
Q

What practice is often discouraged by experts in relation to surrogacy?

A

Using a surrogate mother unless absolutely necessary

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10
Q

What legal issue does surrogacy raise according to the HFEA?

A

The legal status of the surrogate mother as the child’s legal mother

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11
Q

What scandal occurred with a doctor in Connecticut regarding IVF?

A

Used his own sperm instead of the husband’s for the patient

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12
Q

What was the conclusion of the DNA test in the Connecticut IVF case?

A

The wife was the biological mother, but the husband was not the biological father

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13
Q

What is the concept of growing meat without animals related to?

A

Tissue engineering and lab-grown meat

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14
Q

What ethical concerns arise from cloning meat?

A

Potential for disturbing possibilities and unknown consumer preferences

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15
Q

What is bioethics?

A

The study of ethical issues and decision-making associated with the use of living organisms

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16
Q

What does ethics concern itself with?

A

Accepted rules and standards of human behavior in society

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17
Q

What is a goal of bioethics education?

A

Increasing respect for life

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18
Q

What are some areas bioethics covers in medicine?

A
  • Patent of genes
  • In vitro fertilization
  • Prenatal genetic selection
  • Cloning
  • Stem cells
  • Gene manipulation
  • Euthanasia
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19
Q

What is a concern regarding genetically modified foods?

A

Are GM foods safe to eat?

20
Q

What is the significance of the 1988 patent at Harvard University?

A

First patent for a transgenic animal, an oncomouse

21
Q

What does prenatal genetic screening involve?

A

Testing embryos for genetic defects before implantation

22
Q

What is amniocentesis used for?

A

To detect chromosomal abnormalities

23
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

A genetic disorder that impairs an enzyme converting phenylalanine to tyrosine

24
Q

What does gene therapy aim to treat?

A

Genetic disorders that can be transmitted to offspring

25
Q

What ethical debate surrounds abortion?

A

Pro-life vs pro-choice

26
Q

What was the Gallup Poll result on abortion in 1999?

A

Prolife (42%), Prochoice (48%), Undecided (10%)

27
Q

What is a significant scientific consideration in the abortion debate?

A

When does human life begin?

28
Q

What legal issue is raised in the abortion debate?

A

Is the unborn a person?

29
Q

What percentage of people feel strongly pro-choice?

A

26%

30
Q

What percentage of people have no strong opinion on abortion?

A

45%

31
Q

What is a key question regarding the beginning of human life?

A

When does human life begin?

32
Q

What legal question is raised regarding the unborn?

A

Is the unborn a person?

33
Q

According to medical textbooks, what is a zygote?

A

The beginning of a new human being (i.e., an embryo)

34
Q

What significant event marks the beginning of human development?

A

Fertilization

35
Q

Who stated that life is present from the moment of conception?

A

Dr. Hymie Gordon (Mayo Clinic)

36
Q

When does the fetal heart begin to form?

A

18 days after conception

37
Q

When can a measurable heartbeat be detected after conception?

A

21-24 days

38
Q

When do brain waves begin to be produced in a fetus?

A

6 weeks

39
Q

What percentage of abortions occur after the fetus exhibits measurable brain waves?

A

78%

40
Q

According to California Penal Code Section 187, what is murder?

A

The unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.

41
Q

What is the main conclusion about human life in relation to conception?

A

Human life begins at conception

42
Q

What is a significant ethical code related to human experimentation established in 1947?

A

Nuremberg Code

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The Declaration of _______ was issued as a development on the Oath of Hippocrates.

A

Geneva

44
Q

What is the title of the guidelines issued by CIOMS in 1993?

A

International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects

45
Q

What is the universal declaration related to bioethics issued by UNESCO in 2005?

A

Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

46
Q

True or False: Most abortions occur before the fetal brain waves begin.

A

False

Biotechnology UAS (7 decks)

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