Bioethics Flashcards
Ethics
set of morals and code of behaviour that governs individual’s action with other individual and within the society
difference in ethics and morals
morals are which people believe to be right and good while ethics is the critical reflection of morals
bioethics
the moral issues and problems that have arisen as a result of . modern medicine cultural differences ethical dilemmas medical research
bioethics are which issues
life and death issues
ethics and bioethics can be
personal
organizational
institutional
worldwide
laws
they are mandatory to which all citizens must adhere or risk civil or criminal liability
ethics
they are morals and help us to organize complex information and competing values and interests of formulate consistent and coharent decisions
hippocrates symphasized
beneficiance and nonmaleficiance which means to help and not to harm
medial ethics are carried from
1st century ad and in charkha samhita
principles of bioethics
autonomy beneficiance nonmaleficiance justice privacy/confidentiality fidelity
autonomy
right to participate in and to decide on a course of action without someones undue influence
self determination - freedom to act independently
individual actions direct towards the goals that are ones own
maleficence /nonmaleficence
principle and obligation of good and avoiding harm
principle counsels that the provider should relate to the client and should be in best interest of client and not the provider
justice
principle of morals equity equality
comparative and non comparative
comparative justice
justice /decision made on outcomes
ho to determine who qualifies to have one available kidney
that is male 55 ear old with 3 children or 13 year old girl
non comparative justice
kidney made available with the use of lottery systems
privacy and confidentiality
respecting individual knowledge
respecting self of others
fidelity
strict observance of promises and duties
all principles should be followed by the provider and the client
principle of biomedical ethics was written by
beauchamp and childress
international ethical guidelines were brought by
Health related research involving humans in 1982 under the guidance of the council of an international organization of medical sciences which was in collaboration with WHO
last updated version of theses ethical guidelines
2016
Belmont report
1974 - national committee for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research issued this report
Unesco started
international bioethics committee
meaning or tiered organization of bioethics
every nation /country has a committee to investigate the matters of bioethics and biosafety
bioethics committee in USA
the principles council of bioethics
national bioethics advisory commission
UK
nuffield council of human genetics commission human fertilization and embryology authority
indian organisations
indian council of medical research
private intstitute committee
institutional ethics committee that report to ICMR
IEC related to
animal ethics
human ethics
stem cell ethics
to participate in research
independent ethics committee also participate to
investigate the matters related to bioethics and biosafety
CPCSEA
committe fr the purpose of control and supervision of experiment on the animals
IAEC
international animal ethical research
IBSC/IBC
international biosafety committee
Hierarchy of CPCSEA
ministry of environment and forest (animal welfare )
cpcsea
iaec
ibsc
IAEC Functions
- approval of animal expermentation before the start of study
- if on large animals , forward it to cpcsea under the recommendation of iaec
- invigilate the experiments happening in lab
- constant visit to animal house or lab
- to ensure compliance of all rules and regulations
objectives of IAEC
- observation by qualified person
- humanity to avoid pain
- experiment on large animals avoided
- experiments are not done to acquire manual skills
Functions of CPCSEA
- select nominees in IAEC
- responsible for import of animals
- approval of animal house facilities
- action against violations
- permission for conducting experiments
decision made about health care mostly involves
more than just medical facts about the cases
what are the determining factors that control the action
ethics and values
what is established by health care facilities
many ethics committes
ethics committee are fount in
health facility’s
memebers in the committe
12-15
multidisciplinary members
- facility of board trustee
- facility member administrator
- facility committee of nursing
- a staff physician
- nurse
- social worker
- lay of community
fucntions of the committee
- education
- development and review of laws, standards of care, institutional policies and guidelines
- case studies / consultation with
education
- to to the committe members itself
- continuing education and in service to the facility staff
- to comunity
development and review of laws , standards of care , institutional policies and guidelines
withdrawal and withholding of nutrition and hydration
utilization of facility resources
case consulation with
patient
family
staff
clergy
5 CIOMS guidelines
- choice of control in clinical trials
- individuals capable of giving informed consent
- modification and weivers of informed consent
- research includingadults incapable of giving informed consents
- research on disaster and disease outbreaks
example of decision makin model
adpie
assesment
collecting information from various sources
diagnosis
to idetntify the issue
plan
- alternatives and options
- to identity theconsequences of actions and non actions
- analyze the the values and the professional issues
- select the course of action
- justify the decision
implentation
carry out decision process
evaluation
learned lessons
how possibly problem could be avoided
assessments of outcomes
