Bioethics Flashcards
What is Bioethics
- Study of ethical issues emerging in biology and medicine.
- Concerned with ethical questions regarding the biological science
What is medical ethics
is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research.
What is ethics
is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong
How is ethics different from morality
- Morality refer to a single concrete act
- Ethics is the conclusion whether that action in the end is good or evil
Types of Ethical systems
- utilitarianism
- Consequentialism
- Proportionalism
What is utilitarianism?
promotes “the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.”
What is Consequentialism
suggests an action is good or bad depending on its outcome.
What is Proportionalism
asserts that one can determine the right course of action by weighing up the good and the necessary evil caused by the action
Moral relativism
States there are no absolute rules to know if something is right or wrong
States that there are objective moral principles by which we can decide whether an action is right and wrong
Thomistic Aristolenian
What separate us from the animals
our freedom to enact one’s decision
A special set of laws that govern our humanity (AKA. our moral compass)
The Natural Moral Law
Arguments against the objective law
Different cultures have their own set of their beliefs hence their own objective laws
Role of the 10 commandments and our moral law
gives us a working guide on the natural moral law
Can human laws be used as basis for morality?
Should be analyzed and scrutinized by the highest authority of a group
4 principles of health care ethics
- Principle of Autonomy
- Principle of Beneficence
- Principle of Justice
- Principle of Non maleficence
3 components to free human acts
- Moral object
- Intention
- Circumstances
What is The Moral object?
It is the object that primarily specifies an action as morally good or bad
Example of Moral object
The action of a surgeon and a murder when it comes to inserting a sharp knife into a human body
What is Intention?
The human act is the end purpose or goal of the doer of the action or the “Why” of the act
Example of Intention
Surgeon can be doing what he does for the good of it, for profit or for approval. Same goes for the murderer
What is Circumstances
are affected by the when, where and how that determines if a situation’s moral ambiguity is good or bad
Example of Circumstances
When, where, and how did the surgeon perform his operation and the murderer his killing
How do physicians enact a paternalism model
Physician knows everything and act as the father
How do physicians enact the Principle of informed
inform their patient the risk and possible scenarios that would occur to them ahead of time.
Two types of Principle of Informed
- General Consent
2. Informed consent
is required before the patient can be examined or treated or before minor testing can be done
General Consent
is required (generally) before an invasive procedure that carries a material risk of harm can be performed.
Informed consent
Physician may opt to inform the relatives in order for them to know the condition of the patient with the due permission from the deceased
Principle of disclosure
states that a harmful effect of treatment, even resulting in death, is permissible if it is not intended and occurs as a side effect of a beneficial action.
Principle of double effect
Where the physician would have no choice but to respect his decision
Principle of Autonomy