Bioenergetics (CHPT 3) Flashcards
1
Q
How is Acetyl-CoA formed?
A
- A two carbon molecule formed from pyruvate produced by glycolysis or from the oxidation of fatty acids or amino acids
2
Q
Activation energy
A
- Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
3
Q
What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
A
- A molecule that combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP
4
Q
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A
- The high energy phosphate compound synthesized and used by cells to release energy for cellular work
5
Q
Aerobic
A
- in the presence of oxygen
6
Q
Anaerobic
A
- without oxygen
7
Q
ATPase
A
- enzyme capable of breaking down ATP to ADP + Pi + energy
8
Q
ATP-PC System
A
- term used to describe the metabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to re-phosphorylate ADP.
- this path use use at the answer of exercise and during short term high intensity work
9
Q
Beta oxidation
A
- breakdown of three fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA
10
Q
Bioenergetics
A
- The chemical process involved with the production of cellular ATP
11
Q
Cell membrane
A
- The lipid bilayer envelope that encloses cells
- sacrolemma in muscle cells
12
Q
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
A
- The mechanism to explain the aerobic formation of ATP and mitochondria
13
Q
Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
A
- A key metabolic pathway located in the mitochondria
- A series of chemical reactions used to harness useable energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA Derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
14
Q
Coupled reactions
A
- The linking of energy liberating chemical reactions to drive energy requiring reactions
15
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- The contents of the cell surrounding the nucleus
- sacroplasm in muscle cells
16
Q
Electron transport chain
A
- A series of cytochromes in the mitochondria that are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation
17
Q
Endergonic reactions
A
- Energy requiring reactions
18
Q
Enzymes
A
- proteins that lower the energy of activation and, therefore, catalyze chemical reactions
- Regulate the rate of most metabolic pathways
19
Q
Exergonic reactions
A
- Chemical reactions that release energy
20
Q
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
A
- serves as an electron carrier in bioenergetics
21
Q
Glucose
A
- A simple sugar that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissues
22
Q
Glycogen
A
- A glucose polymer synthesized in cells as a means of storing carbohydrate
23
Q
Glycogenolysis
A
- The breakdown of glycogen into glucose
24
Q
Glycolysis
A
- A metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm of the cell that results in the degradation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate
25
Q
Inorganic
A
- substances that do not contain carbon
26
Q
Inorganic phosphate (Pi)
A
- A stimulator of cellular metabolism
-  use with ADP to form ATP in the electron transport chain
27
Q
Isocitrate degydrogenase
A
- rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP and Pi
28
Q
Lactate
A
- A three carbon molecule that is a potential and product of glucose metabolism
29
Q
Metabolism
A
- The total of all cellular reactions that occur in cells and includes chemical pathways that results in synthesis of molecules as well as breakdown of molecules
30
Q
Mitochondrion
A
- The subcellular organelle responsible for the production of ATP with oxygen
- Contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle electron transport chain and the fatty acid cycle
31
Q
Molecular biology
A
- branch of biochemistry Involved with the study of gene structure and function
32
Q
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
A
- Coenzyme that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated with those hydrogens
- in krebs: NAD transfers energy from substrates to the electron transport chain

33
Q
Nucleus
A
- membrane-bound organelle containing most of the cells DNA
34
Q
Organic
A
- describe substances that contain carbon
35
Q
Oxidation
A
- removal of electrons from an element of molecule
36
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation
A
- mitochondrial process in which energetic phosphate is couple to EDP as energy as transferred along the electron transport chain in which oxygen is a final electronic acceptor
37
Q
Phosphocreatine (PC)
A
- Compounds found in skeletal muscle and use to resynthesize ATP from ADP
38
Q
Phosphofructokonase (PFK)
A
- rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis that is responsive to ADP, Pi, And ATP levels in the cytoplasm of the cell
39
Q
Reduction
A
- gain of electrons
40
Q
The oxidation of acetyl-CoA results in what?
A
- The production of carbon dioxide and ATP
