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Biomedical Sciences & Oral Ecosystems I > Bioenergetics & Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Bioenergetics & Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzyme converts a 6-Carbon molecule to two 3-Carbon molecules? D

  1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
  2. Pyruvate kinase
  3. PFK-1
  4. Aldolase
  5. Enolase
A

Aldolase

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2
Q

What are the inhibitors of the rate limiting step in glycolysis? C

  1. AMP
  2. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
  3. ATP, citrate
  4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  5. Fructose 6-phosphate
A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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3
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first irreversible step in Glycolysis? A

  1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
  2. Pyruvate kinase
  3. PFK-1
  4. Aldolase
  5. Enolase
A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

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4
Q

Which enzyme can be inhibited by fluoride? E

  1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
  2. Pyruvate kinase
  3. PFK-1
  4. Aldolase
  5. Enolase
A

Enolase

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5
Q

Which molecule increases O2 delivery? E

  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. Fructose-6-phosphate
  4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  5. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
A

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

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6
Q

Which molecule is found intermediate of the glycolytic pathway and also an activator of pyruvate kinase? D

  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. Fructose-6-phosphate
  4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  5. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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7
Q

Where is pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA? C

  1. Cytosol
  2. Mitochondrial Membrane
  3. Mitochondrial Matrix
  4. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
  5. None of the above
A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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8
Q

Which enzyme produces NADH in the Krebs cycle? E

  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. Malate dehydrogenase
  4. Succinate Dehydrogenase
  5. A, B, C
  6. All of the above
A
  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. Malate dehydrogenase
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9
Q

Which enzyme produces FADH2 in the Krebs cycle? D

  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. Malate dehydrogenase
  4. Succinate Dehydrogenase
  5. All of the above
A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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10
Q

How is citrate synthase regulated? A

  1. Inhibited by Citrate
  2. Activated by Citrate
  3. Inhibited by Oxaloacetate
  4. Activated by Oxaloacetate
  5. None of the above
A

Inhibited by Citrate

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11
Q

How is isocitrate dehydrogenase regulated? E

  1. Inhibited by NADH
  2. Inhibited by ATP
  3. Activated by ADP
  4. Activated by Ca2+
  5. All of the above
A

All the above

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12
Q

How is the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex regulated? E

  1. Activated by Ca2+
  2. Inhibited by NADH
  3. Inhibited by Succinyl CoA
  4. A, B
  5. A, B, C
A
  1. Activated by Ca2+
  2. Inhibited by NADH
  3. Inhibited by Succinyl CoA
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13
Q

Which enzyme is involved in both the Krebs Cycle as well as the ETC? D

  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. Malate dehydrogenase
  4. Succinate Dehydrogenase
  5. All of the above
A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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14
Q

Which enzyme(s) catalyze the step(s) of the Krebs Cycle that produce CO2? E

  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. Malate dehydrogenase
  4. Succinate Dehydrogenase
  5. A, B
  6. A, B, C
A
  1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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15
Q

the biochemical pathway in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. The reaction takes place in the hepatocytes and the myocytes. The process is under the regulation of two key enzymes: phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

glycogenolysis

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16
Q

storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time by converting sugar to gylcogen

A

glycogenesis

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17
Q

synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, provides glucose when dietary intake is insufficient or absent

A

gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

Which is the primary enzyme in glycogenolysis? D

  1. Glycogen synthase, dephosphorylated
  2. Glycogen synthase, phosphorylated
  3. Glycogen phosphorylase, dephosphorylated
  4. Glycogen phosphorylase, phosphorylated
  5. None of the above
A

Glycogen phosphorylase, phosphorylated

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19
Q

Which is the primary enzyme in glycogenesis? A

  1. Glycogen synthase, dephosphorylated
  2. Glycogen synthase, phosphorylated
  3. Glycogen phosphorylase, dephosphorylated
  4. Glycogen phosphorylase, phosphorylated
  5. None of the above
A

Glycogen synthase, dephosphorylated

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20
Q

Which hormone inhibits glycogenolysis? D

  1. Glucagon
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Insulin
  4. A, B
  5. None of the above
A

Insulin

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21
Q

Which hormone inhibits glycogenesis? C

  1. Glucagon
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Insulin
  4. Two of the above
  5. None of the above
A

Glucagon & Epinephrine

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22
Q

Which statement below is correct? D

  1. An exergonic reaction will have a positive ΔG
  2. An endergonic reaction occurs when a process is at equilibrium
  3. A change in enthalpy determines whether a reaction is favorable
  4. When ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous
A

When ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous

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23
Q

Which process is matched to the correct location? C

  1. Krebs Cycle, Cytosol
  2. Glycolysis, Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
  3. Krebs Cycle, Mitochondrial Matrix
  4. Electron Transport Chain, Cytosol
A

Krebs Cycle, Mitochondrial Matrix

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24
Q

What complex(es) of the Electron Transport Chain transfers electrons to CoQ? D

  1. I
  2. II
  3. III
  4. Two of the above
  5. None of the above
A

I & II

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25
Q

What determines electron direction flow in the ETC? B

  1. Decreasing standard reduction potential
  2. Increasing standard reduction potential
  3. Increase in pH due to proton gradient
  4. Decrease in pH due to proton gradient
A

Increasing standard reduction potential

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26
Q

What form are most sugars? C

  1. S-sugar
  2. L-sugar
  3. D-sugar
  4. Racemases
A

D-sugar

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27
Q

Which statement is correct about carbohydrate digestion? E

  1. Humans produce 𝛽 (1→4) sugars
  2. Humans can digest 𝛽 (1→4) sugars
  3. Cellulose is made of 𝜶 (1→4) sugars
  4. All of the above are correct
  5. None of the above are correct
A

None of the above are correct

28
Q

Which statement below is correct? D

  1. GLUT-4 is abundant in the blood brain barrier
  2. GLUT-2 is abundant in neurons
  3. GLUT-2 is insulin dependent
  4. GLUT-4 is insulin dependent
A

GLUT-4 is insulin dependent

29
Q

Which enzyme is important in the Pentose phosphate pathway? A

  1. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  2. Glucose-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  3. 𝜶-ketogluarate Dehydrogenase
  4. None of the above
A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

30
Q

Which enzyme deficiency causes a glycogen storage disease?

A

G-6-phosphatase causing VonGierke disease (cannot provide free glucose during a fast)

31
Q

Which enzyme deficiency causes congenital lactic acidosis?

A

PDH deficiency in the E1 component

32
Q

During which steps in glycolysis is ATP needed? D

  1. D glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
  2. Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
  3. 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
  4. A and B
A
  1. D glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
  2. Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
33
Q

During which steps in glycolysis is ATP created? D

A) 1,3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

B) phosphophenol pyruvate to pyruvate

C) D glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

D) A and B

A
  • 1,3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
  • phosphophenol pyruvate to pyruvate
34
Q

During which steps of glycolysis is NADH created? c

A)1,3 phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

B) phosphophenol pyruvate to pyruvate

C) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 phosphoglycerate

D) none of the above

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 phosphoglycerate

35
Q

Phosphophenol can be converted to pyruvate without ATP? F

  1. True
  2. False
A

False

36
Q

Fructose 6 phosphate can be converted to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate without ATP. F

  1. True
  2. False
A

False

37
Q

How is PFK regulated in glycolysis?

  1. When there is too much ATP in cell, ATP will act as a negative regulator
  2. When ATP levels are low, AMP will stimulate the cell to produce more ATP
  3. When citrate levels are high, citrate will act on PFK, to prevent glycolysis from occurring
  4. All of the above
A

All the above

38
Q

What is a negative regulator of Glucokinase? A

  1. Glucose 6 Phosphate (G6P)
  2. Fructose 6 Phosphate (F6P)
  3. Aldolase
  4. Citrate
A

Glucose 6 Phosphate (G6P)

39
Q

If Glucose-6-phosphate and Fructose 6 phosphate are isomers, what enzyme can be used to convert sugars from one another?

  1. Hexokinase
  2. Oxidase
  3. Phosphoglucose Isomerase
  4. Reductase
A

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

40
Q

If arsenic is present in the cell, what enzyme will be effected and what product will not be created?

  1. 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate, G3P Dehydrogenase
  2. 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, G3P Dehydrogenase
  3. 2-phosphoglycerate, G3P Dehydrogenase
  4. Glyceraldehyde, G3P Dehydrogenase
A

1,3, bisphosphoglycerate, G3P Dehydrogenase

41
Q

The gross amount of ATP and NADH created in glycolysis is 4ATP and 2NADH, 2 pyruvate. A

A)True

B) False

A

True

42
Q

Does Hexokinase or Glucokinase have a higher affinity for glucose?

A

Glucokinase

43
Q

How is ATP made in Glycolysis? B

  1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  2. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
  3. Facilitated Diffusion
  4. Who cares
A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

44
Q

What step in the Citric Acid cycle is FADH2 created? A

A) Succinate to Fumerate

B) Malate to oxaloacetate

C) Acetyl Coa to citrate

D)None of the above

A

Succinate to Fumerate

45
Q

What step in the Citric Acid Cycle is NADH created? f

  1. Pyruvate to Acetyl COA
  2. Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate
  3. Malate to oxaloacetate
  4. alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl-coa
  5. All of the above
  6. b,c,d
A
  1. Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate
  2. Malate to oxaloacetate
  3. alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl-coa
46
Q

During which step in the Citric Acid Cycle is GTP created? A

  1. Succinyl - COA to Succinate
  2. alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl-coa
  3. Pyruvate to Acetyl COA
  4. Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate
A

Succinyl - COA to Succinate

47
Q

Match the coenzymes with the correct PDH complex c,a,b

  1. E1 a. lipoic acid and COA
  2. E2 b.NAD and FAD
  3. E3 c.TPP
A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
48
Q

If a child has lactate acidosis what component of the PDH complex caused this? C

  1. A deficiency E2
  2. A deficiency E3
  3. A deficiency E1
  4. None of the above
A

A deficiency E1

49
Q

If there is buildup of lactic acid in a cell what enzyme is causing this to occur?

  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. Lactate phorylase
  3. Lactate mutase
  4. Lactate dehydrogenase
A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

50
Q

What two molecules inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase?

  1. ADP and Ca
  2. CA and GTP
  3. NADH and ATP
  4. ATP and CO2
A

NADH and ATP

51
Q

What two molecules inhibit Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

  1. ADP and Ca
  2. CA and GTP
  3. NADH and Succinyl COA
  4. ATP and CO2
A

NADH and Succinyl COA

52
Q

If there is a build up of citrate in the cell what enzyme will be regulated and what energy molecules are performing the negative feedback? K

  1. Pyruvate kinase and ATP
  2. Fumarase and NADH
  3. Citrate synthase, (NADH,ATP)
  4. Acetyl Coa, NADH
A

Citrate synthase, (NADH,ATP)

53
Q

What products(s) in the citric acid cycle can act on citrate synthase if ATP is no longer needed? D

  1. Isocitrate
  2. Succiate
  3. Malate
  4. Succinyl COA,citrate
A

Succinyl COA, citrate

54
Q

For irreversible reactions is delta g negative or positive?

A

Negative

55
Q

When you are performing a workout, this causes an influx of CA in your muscles. What enzymes can Ca act on in the citric acid cycle to increase ATP?

  1. Citrate Synthase
  2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase
  4. Succinyl Coa Synthase
A

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase

56
Q

What is the only enzyme in the citric acid cycle that is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and what complex is it in ETC?

  1. Citrate Synthase I
  2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase III
  3. Succinate Dehydrogenase I
  4. Succinate Dehydrogenase II
A

Succinate Dehydrogenase II

57
Q

Which of the below reactions have a high negative delta G value? F

  1. Pyruvate to oxaloacetate - Oxoacetate to phosphophenol pyruvate (PEP)
  2. Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
  3. Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
  4. A and b
  5. C and D
  6. All of the above
A

All the above

58
Q

Your patient is currently fasting and your patient takes a amino acid test. Which amino acid would have the highest concentration? B

  1. Proline
  2. Alanine
  3. Valine
  4. None of the above
A

Alanine

59
Q

Gluconeogenesis needs, but pyruvate carboxylase has be inhibited to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate. How can oxaloacetate be created?

  1. Glycine and Lysine
  2. Aspartate and Lysine
  3. Aspartate and Asparagine
  4. Lysine and Asparagine
A

Aspartate and Asparagine

60
Q

Hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol just occured in adipose tissue. After two reactions glycerol was converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. False

  1. True,
  2. False
A

False

61
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate needs to be converted to glucose because glucose levels are extremely low. In which organs can this occur? C

A.muscle and liver

B. Liver and stomach

C.Liver and Kidney

D. Kidney and muscle

A

Liver and Kidney

62
Q

Which of the following is inhibitor of Fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase? F and

  1. AMP
  2. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
  3. Citrate
  4. I and 2
A

1 and 2

63
Q

Glucose levels are really low. What hormone will you find in the blood?

  1. Glucagon
  2. Glycogen
  3. Insulin
  4. Estrogen
A

Glucagon

64
Q

Glycogen needs to be broke down to glucose, because the blood glucose levels are low. Where is most likely this will occur? a

  1. Liver and kidney
  2. Liver and stomach
  3. Liver and muscle
  4. Muscle and kidney
A

Liver and Kidney

65
Q

There are high levels of glucagon and epinephrine in the blood. What process is occuring? A,

  1. Gluconeogenesis
  2. Glycogenesis
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Glycogenolysis
  5. 1 and 4
  6. 1 and 3
A

1 and 4

66
Q

A deficiency in lysosomal hydrolase causes?

  1. Mucopolysaccharidosis
  2. Sickle cell disease
  3. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  4. Mad cow disease
A

Mucopolysaccharidosis

67
Q

The active form of glycogen synthase is phosphorylated. True or False? False

A

False

Biomedical Sciences & Oral Ecosystems I (4 decks)

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