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EPHE 441 > Bioenergetics and Metabolism > Flashcards

Bioenergetics and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Def. Metabolism

A

chemical reactions, pathways that result in the synthesis or breakdown of molecules

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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

metabolic process of turning food sources into useful energy (ATP)

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3
Q

Oxidation vs reduction

A

Oxidation = remove an electron (H+) from atom
Reduction = add an election (H+) to an atom

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4
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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5
Q

when does PC reformation happen

A

during recovery from exercise

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6
Q

three phosphagen systems

A

ADP+PC –> creatie kinase –> ATP+C
ADP + ADP –> adenylate kinase –> ATP + AMP
AMP + H –> AMP deaminase –> IMP +NH4

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7
Q

net production of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate or 2 lactate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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8
Q

Enzymes in glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Glucose 6-phosphate isomerase
Phosphfructokinase (PFK)
Aldolase
Trisoephosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase

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9
Q

rate limiting + irreversible enzymes of Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
PFK
Pyruvate kinase

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10
Q

what occurs in glycolysis if O2 is not available

A

NADH and FADH become saturated, so lactate is created to regenerate NAD+

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11
Q

what does the respiratory system have to do once lactate starts getting created

A

regulate pH

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12
Q

primary rate limiting enzyme of Krebs cycle + what does it do

A

isocitrate synthase (dehydrogenase)
produces H+ that is taken up by NAD

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13
Q

how much ATP is made in Krebs from 1 glucose molcule

A

2 ATP
I ATP from each turn of the cycle; two turns for every one glucose

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14
Q

what are the ions from NADH and FADH2 taken up at different places on the ETC

A

different redox potential

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15
Q

How much ATP is made from NADH and FADH2

A

10 H+ = 2.5 ATP from NADH
6 H+ = 1.5 ATP from FADH2

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16
Q

rate limiting enzyme of ETC

A

cytochrome oxidase

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17
Q

overall energy production from 1 molecule fo glucose; % efficiency

A

32 ATP: 34% energy, 66% goes to heat

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18
Q

what is teh metabolic pool

A

overall metabolic interaction between all sources of proteins, carbohydrate and fats from all sources in the body (fatty deposits, glycogen from liver, protein)

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19
Q

Beta-oxidation: where does it occur; what does it create

A

fatty acids must be converted to acteyl-coA before they can be used in aerobic metabolism; in mitchondria; created ROS

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20
Q

what is an allosteric enzyme; example

A

enzymes that are regultaed by modulators

ATP is the inhibitor of energy metabolism, ADP+P stimulates

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21
Q

two main factors VO2 is affected by

A

Delivery of oxygen (from cardiorespiratory system)
Utilization of Oxygen by working muscles (metabolism)

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22
Q

central factors of O2 consumption

A

Cardiac output: Heart rate, Stroke volume

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23
Q

peripheral factors of o2 consumption

A

oxygen carrying and storage capacity of cells
-capillary density, mitochondrial number, hemoglobin and myoglobin, blood and plasma volume

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24
Q

what do ROS do to mitochondria

A

oxidative damage and mtDNA mutations; leads to mitchondrial dysfunction and early aging

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25
Q

what is the function of antioxidants and what is thier production induced by

A

prevent free radical damage; induced by exercise

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26
Q

what is hormeisis

A

proper amount of stress/exercise for the body; dose response relationship between creation ROS and regneration

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27
Q

what does hormeisis cause in the body; what if youre outside of hormeisis

A

decreased overall ROS; increased antioxidatn sstimulation, increased actiivty of anitoxidant enzymes, decreased oxidative damage, increased oxidative repair, increased resistance to oxidative stress

too much or too little = oppostive of all these things

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28
Q

is all ROS bad?

A

no, leads to creation of new more robust organelles

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29
Q

what is cytochrome C in ETC limited by

A

antioxidants, ibuprofen

30
Q

sources of free radicals in skeletal muscle during exercise

A

mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, plasma membrane, xanthine oxidase, phospholipase A2 oxidase

31
Q

what three factors occur in muscles increase during rest to exercise transitions

A

rate of cross bridge cycling
recruitment of motor units
recruitment of different fiber types

32
Q

what are the main factors that support increase ATP needs during rest to exercise transitions

A

increased ventilation, increased cardiac output, vasodilation to working muscles, increased CA++ release in muscle/uptake by SR, increased myoglobin shuttling

33
Q

energy systems and times of exericse they occur

A

ATP stores = 2s
ATP-PC = 2-20 seconds
Glycolysis = < 45 seconds
Oxidative phosphorylation = > 45 seconds

34
Q

o2 deficit

A

difference between oxyen uptake in the first few minutes of exericse ad an qual time period after steady statee has been obtained

35
Q

what is accumulation of lactate dependent on

A

rate of glycolysis
oxidative enzyme activity
cellular O2 level
net rate of La infflux vs efflux
if lactate and pyruvate are in equilibrium, glycolysis progresses

36
Q

what is EPOC

A

excess post exercise oxygen consumption

37
Q

what occurs during the rapid portion of EPOC

A

resynthesis of stored PC
replenishing of muscle and blood O2 stores

38
Q

what occurs during slow portion of EPOC

A

elevated HR and BR = energy need
elevated body temp = increased metabolic rate
Elevative EPI and NOREPI = increased metabolic rate
conversion of lactate to glucose (gluconeogensis)

39
Q

what percent of elevated o2 consumption is used for gluconeogenesis

A

20%

40
Q

what percents of lactate get turned into what post exercise

A

70% is oxidized by cells (used a substrate fo heart, brain, skseltal muscle)
20% converted to glucose
10% converted amino acids

41
Q

what is the Q-10 effect

A

increased metabolic rate from increased body temperature

42
Q

what is VO2 drift and what scenarios cause it; what are the processes that effect it

A

slow increase in VO2 during prolonged exercise at >75% VO2 or in hot or humid conditions

shifts in energy source; change in body heat; change in muscle fibre recruitment, circulating catecholamines, and insulin starts changing (hormonal control of exercise)

43
Q

what is RER

A

respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2)
>1 - anaerobic component, mostly carb
1.0 = aerobic, all carb
0.7 = aerpbic, all fat
0.85 = 50/50 carb/fat aerobnic

44
Q

lactate threshold; what is it cause by

A

point at which lactate start rapidly accumulating in the blood
low muscle oxygen, reduce rate of lactate removal, accelerated glycolysis due to EPI levels, recruitment of fast twitch fibres (anaerobic dominant)

45
Q

what is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

A

rapidly increasing blood lactate levels
nearly purely anaerobic production
around 4mmol of lactate concentration in the blood
RER > 1

46
Q

what is the cross over mechanism and what mechaisms is it caused by

A

increase in intensity = decrease in fat usage
at 30% VO2 max = fats are primary energy source
at 70% VO2 max = carbs are primary energy source

mechanisms = recruitment of fast twitch fibres (contain glycolytic but not lipolytic enzymes); increasing blood EPI (increases glycogen breakdown)

47
Q

what occurs to the RER in prolonged (greater than 30 mins exercise) at 40-50% VO2 max; what is the mechanism; how to change this

A

R decreases, meaning fats slowly become the more dominant fuel source

fat metabolism is regulated by fat breakdown
triglycerides are broken down into FFA and glycerol by lipases
lipases are stimulated by EPI, NOREPI and glucagon
EPI rises during prolonged exercise, increasing lipase activity
mobilization of FFAs is inhibted by insulin and lactate in the blood
eating a high CHO meal or snack 30 to 60 mins prior to exercis stimulates insulin, increasing blood glucose levels and diminishing lipolysis, thus increasing the usage of CHO

48
Q

rate of glycogen depletion is based on

A

exercise intensity

49
Q

what is order of sources of fuel used in the body + when are each preferred

A

muscle glycogen
liver glycogen to replace blood glucose

blood gucose preferred in low intensity and glycogen preferred in high intensity
muscle glycogen preferredin first hour, blood glucose used after that

50
Q

glycogen depletion does what to glycolytic rate

A

slows it down

51
Q

what occurs in the liver during fasted training

A

liver glycogen altered
enhances genes linked to substrate utilization and mitochondrial functon

52
Q

what impacts does sleep low train low have

A

improves gene expression (PGC-1a etc)
improves fat oxidation - similar to gene expression
improved cycling efficiency and TT performance

53
Q

airflow =

A

P1-P2/Resistance

54
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

V = volume of gas; volume as a rate of a time
Vt= Tial volume
F = frequency of breathing

55
Q

alveolar ventilation is

A

getting air to gas exchange locations

56
Q

what is Vd

A

Ventilatory dead space

57
Q

Alveolar ventilation is (formula)

A

Va = Vt - Vd

58
Q

what is the formula for pulmonary health test

A

FEV1/Vc

59
Q

what is the healthy pulmonary test % what about COPD

A

Healthy = 80%
COPD = 33%

FEV1/Vc

60
Q

what is the percentage of each gas in the atmosphere

A

N= 79.04%
O2 =20.93%
CO2 = 0.03%

61
Q

Law of Partial Pressure

A

% of gas in atmosphere determines pressure of that gas. Multuply the pressure of gas by the fraction it is present.

62
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

V gas = A/T x D x (P1-P2)
A = area
T = thickness
D = diffusion constant
() = pressure difference

63
Q

Henry’s Law states that dissolution of gases in blood is impacted by, what is the biggest impact

A

temperature, paartial pressure, solubility.

Partial pressure

64
Q

up to what percentage of VO2 max do we get good perfusion matching

A

up to 60-70% of Vo2 max

65
Q

Airflow equation

A

P1-P2/Resistance

66
Q

Pulmonary venitlation equation

A

V = Vt x F

67
Q

what does a ventilation perfusion ratio of 1;1 mean. What is acronym ratio

A

it means that blood flow to the lungs is perfectly matched to air flow. THis means we have the most efficient gas exchange.

V/Q

68
Q

how does light and moderate exercise effect the V/Q relationship

A

light and moderate exercise improves it, heavy exercise results in a small V/Q inequality and htis is a minor impairment in gas exchange

69
Q

what percentage of O2 is transported in teh blood and bound to Hb

A

99%

70
Q

how is CO2 transported in the blood

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% in Hb
70% as bicarbonate in the blood (buffer against acid)

71
Q

when does ventilatory threshold occur and does it occur with lactate threshold

A

occurs between 50-75% VO2 max, when ventilation begins to rise exponentially

does not always occur at same time as lactate threshold

EPHE 441 (1 decks)

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