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BIOB111 > Bioenergetics and Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Bioenergetics and Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergetics is the study of ________

A

energy transformation and energy flow through living systems.

OR

the study of energy relationships in living organisms.

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways purpose is _______

A

to extract energy from the food we consume.

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3
Q

What is process of converting the food and drink we consume into energy know as?

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

Metabolism is _____

A

sum of all biochemical reactions that maintain the living state of the cells.

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5
Q

What are the two branches of metabloism?

A

Catabolism and Anabolism

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6
Q

What does catabolism do? And whats the process of this?

A

releases/produces energy through break down of molecules

Large bio-molecules are broken down to smaller ones and energy is released in the process.

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7
Q

What does Anabolism do? And whats the process of this?

A

consumes energy for building up/addition of molecules

Small bio-molecules are joined together, which requires energy.

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8
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

Linear pathways - series of reactions that *generates a final product * e.g. breakdown of alcohol
Cyclic pathways - a series of reactions that regenerates the first reactant e.g. CAC

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9
Q

What are the three complex fuel molecules (know as macronutrients)?

A

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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10
Q

How does a metabolic pathway produce energy?

A

Through a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule through a series of metabolic intermediates and eventually yield ATP.

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11
Q

What are the four stages of metabolic pathways?

A
  1. Digestion changes large, complex molecules into small, simper ones.
  2. Small molecules are degraded to smaller units, (primarily the two-carbon acetyl group that becomes part of acetyl CoA)
  3. Acetyl CoA is oxidized to produce CO2 and reduced coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) in the citric acid cycle
  4. NADH and FADH facilitate ATP production through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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12
Q

Do coenzymes help to facilitate reactions in the metabolic pathway?

A

Yes.

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13
Q

What coenzymes are used in the metabolic pathways? (Name 5)

A
  1. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and other adenosine phosphates AMP, cAMP and ADP
  2. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)​
  3. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)​
  4. Coenzyme A (CoA)
  5. B vitamins
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14
Q

The common metabolic pathway (CMP) is the total sum of the biochemical reactions of the ____, ______ and _____

A

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC), Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation (OP)

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15
Q

Where does common metabolic pathway (CMP) take place?

A

Mitochodria

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16
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate is an energy-carrying molecule

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17
Q

How do we get energy from ATP?

A

Through a hydrolysis reaction. This causes a release phosphate groups (Pi) and energy.

18
Q

What is FAD?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme in metabolic redox reactions.

19
Q

What are the two FADs? and what are their function?

A 
FADH2 = reduced form contains hydrogen and reduces in redox redactions  
FAD = Oxidised form lacks hydrogen and oxidises in redox reactions
20
Q

What is the electron-rich version of FAD?

A

FADH2 is the electron rich version as FADH2 contains two extra hydrogen atoms (each contain one electron)

21
Q

What is NAD?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a coenzyme in metabolic redox reactions.

22
Q

What are the two NADs? and what are their function?

A 
NADH =  reduced form contains hydrogen and reduces in redox redactions
NAD = Oxidised form lacks hydrogen and oxidises in redox reactions
23
Q

What is CoA?

A

Coenzyme A is a coenzyme that transfers acyl groups in biochemical reactions

24
Q

What is Acetyl CoA ?

A

Fusion of the acetyl group and CoA

25
Q

What are B Vitamins function in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Functions as coenzymes.

26
Q

What two types of cells can be found in organisms?

A

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

27
Q

What cells are found in animals (incl. humans)?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

28
Q

Mitochondria are found in cells and function as _____

A

power stations that generate cellular energy (ATP)

29
Q

What are the three components of the mitochondria?

A
  1. Mitochondrial matrix
  2. Outer mitochondrial membrane
  3. Inner mitochondrial membrane
30
Q

What are the start and end products of the digestion energetic pathway?

A

Carbohydrates → Glucose/other monosaccharides
Proteins → Amino acids
Lipids/fats and oils → Fatty acids and glycerol

31
Q

What does the process of digestion do?

A
  • Production of small molecules which can cross the intestinal membrane into the blood
  • Digestion products absorbed across the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and transported to all body cells
32
Q

What is the main function of Acetyl CoA?

A

Deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidised for energy production.

33
Q

Name the steps involved in formation of Acetyl CoA. (Three steps)

A
  1. Digested carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are oxidized to the acetyl group.
  2. The acetyl group then attaches to CoA through a thioester bond to form Acetyl-CoA.
  3. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle CAC.
34
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle (CAC) take place?

A

Mitochondria

35
Q

What molecule does the citric acid cycle (CAC) accept at the start of the cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA from the metabolism of the macromolecules in the digestion pathway.

36
Q

In the citric acid cycle (CAC) acetyl groups are oxidised to produce C_____, E______, and R__________ C________, N________ and F_________

A

CO2, energy, and the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2

37
Q

Most of the energy derived from the citric acid cycle (CAC) is trapped in ____ and _____

A

NADH and FADH2

38
Q

After the citric acid cycle (CAC) what pathway are NADH and FADH2 used in?

A

electron transport chain (ETC) where they can create ATP

39
Q

Where do electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation (OP) occur?

A

mitochondria

40
Q

What are four important phases of electron transport chain (ETC)?

A
  1. NADH and FADH2 are offloaded (from the CAC) into the ETC.
  2. Provide H+ and electrons which are required for the ATP production.
  3. Electrons are transferred to molecular O2 which is reduced to H2O.
  4. H+ is transported to the intermembrane space in the mitochondria.
41
Q

What are three important phases of Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP)?

A
  1. H+ from ETC re-enters the mitochondrial matrix through the ATP-synthase enzyme
  2. Using the energy from the H+ gradient, this process produces ATP from ADP
  3. ADP + Pi + energy (H+ gradient) → ATP

BIOB111 (3 decks)

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