Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards
what is important to know about energy?
E = mc^2
matter is condensed energy
energy is the ability to do work
energy transfer? whatever the heck that means - just know it
sun -> photosynthesis -> chemoorganotrophy
what is bioenergetics
bioenergetics - energy transformations
cells get energy from chemical reactions
3 factors that affect bioenergetics
enthalpy - heat H
entropy - disorder S
free energy - G
Converting from C to K
K = 273 + C
delta G
when reaction gets to equilibrium, delta G is 0
says if a reaction is favorable
- G = spontaneous, exergonic
+G = nonspontaneous, endergonic
G = 0 -> equilibrium
ATP hydrolysis
exergonic
ATP has large negative deltaG
ATP is a high energy phosphate compound
ETC
oxidation rxns leading to the release of CO2 and H2O
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to electron carriers
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
The inner membrane of mitochondria is impermeable to most small ion and ATP
the matrix contains NAD+ FAD ADP Pi
complexes of ETC
1 - NADH dehydrogenase (NAD+)
- hydrogen atoms transfer to ubiquinone
2 - Succinate dehydrogenase (FAD)
- electrons transferred from FADH2 to CoQ
CoQ transfers electrons to complex III
3 - Cytochrome b
Cytochrome C
4 - Cytochrome a
- O2 is the final e- acceptor and reduces to water
what happens if oxygen does not reduce to water
reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced which can damage DNA
standard reduction potential
e- flow from more negative redox molecules to more positive redox molecules (NAD+ –> O2)
what is the value of free energy from ADP to ATP
7.3 kcal/mol
chemiosmotic hypothesis
electrical gradient - more positive in intermembrane space
pH gradient - lower pH in intermembrane space
complex 5
4 H+ make 1 ATP
