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EPHE 441 > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane (skmsc sarcolema)

A

semipermeable, separates cell from extracellular environment. encloses components of cell and regulates what goes in and out

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genes-regulate protein synthesis which determines cell composition and actuvuty

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3
Q

Cytoplasm (skmsc sarcoplasm)

A

fluid between nucleus and cell membrane, contains organelles

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4
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Powerhouse, involved in oxidative conversion of food into usable cellular energy

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5
Q

What are the two subtypes of mitochondria found in skeletal muscle?

A

Subsarcolemmal mitochondria and intermyofibrillar mitochondria

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6
Q

What do subsarcolemmal mitochondria do and where are they found?

A

Directly under the sarcolemma. Produce the energy required to active transport ions across the sarcolemma

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7
Q

What do intermyofibrillar mitochondria do and where are they found?

A

Found near myofibrillar (contractile) proteins. Provide energy needed to sustain muscle contraction

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8
Q

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic releases chemical energy and endergonic requires energy to be added

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9
Q

What are the 3 main components of ATP?

A

Adeonsine, ribose, 3 linked phosphates

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10
Q

What 3 metabolic pathways are activated during muscle contraction to produce ATP?

A

1) formation of ATP by phosphocreatine breakdown
2) glycolysis (formation of ATP through breakdown of glucose or glycogen)
3) oxidative formation of ATP

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11
Q

Which ATP metabolic pathways are anaerobic? Which is aerobic?

A

ATP through PC breakdown and glycolysis are anaerobic. oxidative formation requires O2 therefore is aerobic.

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12
Q

What is the function of the ATP-PC/ phosphagen system?

A

Provides energy for msc contraction at the start of short term, high intensity exercise (<5secs)

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13
Q

How is PC reformed?

A

requires ATP, only occurs during recovery

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14
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate or lactate, and ATP

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In sarcoplasm, produces 2 Atp and 2 of either lactate or pyruvate

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16
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

1) energy investment

2) energy regeneration

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17
Q

Why is ATP priming necessary in glycolysis?

A

ATP is used to form sugar phosphates that can be broken down for more energy (glucose)

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18
Q

Why does the phosphorylation of glycogen not require ATP?

A

Uses inorganic phosphate Pi found in cell

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19
Q

What are carrier molecules?

A

Carry hydrogens that are removed from nutrients

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20
Q

Give an example of 2 carrier molecules.

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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21
Q

What does NAD+ do in glycolysis?

A

Removes one of the two excess hydrogen ions = NADH

22
Q

What are the two potential processes to concert NADH back to NAD+?

A

If O2 is present, hydrogen from NADH shuttled into mitochondria, used in aerobic ATP production. If insufficient O2, pyruvate accepts H to form lactate

23
Q

What enzyme is the catalyst for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

24
Q

Where does aerobic ATP production occur?

A

the mitochondria

25
Q

What two metabolic pathways is aerobic ATP production dependent on?

A

Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

26
Q

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle)?

A

Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA using NAD+ and FAD as electron carriers

27
Q

What role does oxygen play in the citric acid cycle?

A

No role

28
Q

What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?

A

Final electron receptor (water is formed)

29
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The process of aerobic production of ATP

30
Q

How is Acetyl-CoA formed?

A

Through the break down of carbs, fats, or acids?

31
Q

Why is Acetyl-CoA important?

A

Required to start citric acid cycle

32
Q

What is betaoxidation?

A

The process of converting fatty acids to Acetyl-CoA

33
Q

How many ATP are produced as a result of aerobic breakdown of glucose or glycogen?

A

32 ATP glucose, 33 glycogen

34
Q

What is the energy yield from 1 mole of ATP?

A

7.3 kcal/mole ATP

35
Q

What is the potential energy from the oxidation of a mole of glucose?

A

686 kcal/mole glucose

36
Q

What is the efficiency of aerobic respiration?

A

34 % with the remaining 66% of the free energy of glucose oxidation being released as heat

37
Q

How does a rate limiting enzyme limit the speed of reaction?

A

1) occur early in pathway to prevent accumulation of products
2) activity of rate limiting pathways limited by modulators

38
Q

What is a modulator?

A

Substances that increase or decrease enzyme activity

39
Q

What are modulators called?

A

Allosteric enzymes

40
Q

Give an example of an inhibitor and stimulants in energy metabolism

A

INH=ATP. Large amounts of ATP present indicate energy usage is low, dont need more
EXC=ADP and Pi. increase in cell levels of ADP and Pi mean ATP use is high, should make more

41
Q

List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : ATP-PC system

A

Rate limiting enzyme: Creatine kinase
Stimulators: ADP
Inhibitors: ATP

42
Q

List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Glycolysis

A

Rate limiting enzyme: phosphofructokinase
Stimulators: AMP, ADP, Pi, pH increase
Inhibitors: ATP, CP, citrate, pH decrease

43
Q

List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Citric acid cycle

A

Rate limiting enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
Stimulators: ADP, Ca2+, NAD+
Inhibitors: ATP, NADH

44
Q

List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Electron transport chain

A

Rate limiting enzyme: cytochrome oxidase
Stimulators: ADP, Pi
Inhibitors: ATP

45
Q

What other biological functions support the increased energy production needed at the start of exercise?

A

Increased ventilation, Increased cardiac output, vasodilation to working muscle, increased calcium uptake and release by working muscle,
increased myoglobin shuttling

46
Q

How is lactic acid removed post exercise?

A

70% is oxidized by cells
20% converted to glucose
10% converted to amino acids

47
Q

What are some characteristics of the anaerobic lactic system?

A

Involves glycolysis only, occurs in cytoplasm-close to contractile unit of msc, safety valve for aerobic system (gets activated when O2 isnt available or too much ATP is required)

48
Q

What is the difference between power and capacity?

A

Power=rate at which energy system produces ATP

Capacity=total amount of ATP an energy system can produce

49
Q

What is the amount of O2 used at resting?

A

0.25 L/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min

50
Q

What is the optimal intensity for lactic acid removal?

A

30-40%V02 max

EPHE 441 (6 decks)

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