Bioenergetics

Question 1

Highly coordinated cellular activity in which many multi-enzyme systems (metabolic pathways) cooperate

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Breaking down of biochemical fuels to extract energy (energy yielding processes)

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

Building up biochemical fuels to sustain life (energy-requiring)

Answer 3

Anabolism

Question 4

Metabolism in context of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Bioenergetics

Question 5

Utilization and production of energy

Obey fundamental laws of thermodynamics

Answer 5

Metabolism

Question 6

Field concerned with the transformation &use of energy by living cells

Determining the direction and extent to which biochemical reactions occur

Answer 6

Bioenergetics

Question 7

A thermodynamic factor that is a measure of change in heat content of the reactants & products (1st law)

Answer 7

Enthalpy ΔH

Question 8

Measure of change in randomness or disorder of reactants & products(2nd law)

Answer 8

Entropy ΔS

Question 9

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Can only be transformed from one form to another.

Law of conservation of energy

Answer 9

1st law of thermodynamics

Question 10

Enthalpy in 1st law of thermodynamics can be:

Answer 10

Exothermic - heat released, -ΔH value

Endothermic - heat absorbed, + ΔH value

Question 11

Spontaneous if such process will cause an increase in the entropy ΔS of the universe

Answer 11

2nd law of thermodynamics

Question 12

If entropy ΔS is +, -, and at 0 means

Answer 12

+ => process is spontaneous
- => non spontaneous process
0 => system at equilibrium

Question 13

Combination of Enthalpy ΔH and entropy ΔS in 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics will result to:

Answer 13

Gibb’s free energy by Josiah Willard Gibbs

Question 14

Gibb’s Free energy equation = energy available to do work ΔG

Answer 14

ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS

T= temp in kelvin, K

Question 15

A variable criterion of the spontaneity of reactions

Answer 15

Gibb’s free energy

Question 16

If ΔG is (-) means:
Loss of energy:
Reaction:

Answer 16

Loss of energy: exergonic

Reaction: spontaneous

Question 17

If ΔG is (+) means:
Gain of energy:
reaction:

Answer 17

Gain of energy: endergonic

Reaction: non spontaneous

Question 18

If ΔG is 0, reaction is?

Answer 18

Equilibrium

Question 19

Standard free energy change is obtained at:

Answer 19

25C and 1 atm

Question 20

Equilibrium constant

Answer 20

Keq=[C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b

Question 21

Substances that tend to give up electrons & be oxidized

Answer 21

Reducing agents

Question 22

Substances that tend to accept electrons & be reduced

Answer 22

Oxidizing agents

Question 23

Measure of electron-transfer potential
pH is 7.0
More (+), more tendency to gain electrons and be reduced (oxidizing agents)

Tendency of a substance to gain electrons and cause the oxidation of another substance

Answer 23

Standard Reduction Potential, E°

Question 24

Determine the effect of concentration on cell potential

Answer 24

Nernst equation

Question 25

Function in a way that metabolism becomes more economically manageable & comprehensive

Answer 25

Co-enzymes as activated carriers

Question 26

Major electron acceptor in oxidation of fuel molecules

Answer 26

NAD+ / NADH

Question 27

Used in reductive biosynthesis

Answer 27

NADPH / NADP+

Question 28

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) An active form of NIACINE (vitamin B3) Redox co-factors Both can accept a proton & 2 electrons when a substrate molecule is oxidized

Answer 28

NAD+ / NADH NADP+ / NADPH

Question 29

Flavin adenine dinucleotide and Flavin mononucleotide Active form of RIBOFLAVIN (vitamin B2) Redox co-factors Both accept hydride ion (H+ + 2electrons) plus another proton

Answer 29

FAD / FADH2 FMN / FMNH2

Question 30

Known as Coenzyme Q or CoQ Mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain

Answer 30

Ubiquinone

Question 31

Heme-containing proteins that serves as electron carriers in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains

Answer 31

Cytochromes

Question 32

Activated carrier of 2 carbon fragments Co-factor in acetylation Derived from PANTOTHENATE (vitamin B5)

Answer 32

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 33

The energy currency of the cell Hydrolytic cleavage of the high energy phosphate bonds is coupled with an energy spontaneous) reaction.

Answer 33

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 34

Aim is to attain a negative ΔG°’, therefore rendering the reaction spontaneous The overall ΔG°’ for a chemically coupled series of reactions is equal to to the sum of the ΔG°’ of the individual steps Biochemical reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable are coupled with those that are favorable

Answer 34

Coupling reactions

Question 35

How do cells make ATP

Answer 35

Autotrophic metabolism Heterotrophic metabolism

Question 36

Photosynthesis through Photophosphorylation

Answer 36

Autotrophic metabolism

Question 37

Cellular respiration (aerobic & anaerobic) > substrate level phosphorylation > oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

Heterotrophic metabolism