Bioenergetics Flashcards
Name sources of Acetyl Coa for TCA
-Beta oxidation -Glycolysis(pyruvate) -Ethanol oxidation -AA oxidation
Rate limiting step in TCA
Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
Two molecules that are chiral in TCA
isocitrate and malate
Name two shuttles for NADH in ETC
malate-aspartate shuttle glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle( part of complex II)
What are the names of complexes in ETC
-Complex I NADH dehydrogenase complex -Complex II Succinate- UQ reductase complex -Complex III UQH2- Cytochrome C reductase Complex IV Cytochrome C oxidase
Which molecule has the highest reduction potential in ETC
Oxygen
What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur?
anabolic process for making glucose. occurs in liver and kidneys. reverse glycolysis
How does gluconeogenesis compare to glycolysis?
It uses the same enzymes and occur in the cytoplasm except for irreversible processes use different enzymes and occur in mitochondrial matrix
What are the three irreversible processes in glycolysis the differ in gluconeogenesis?
- Glucose+ ATP——>Glucose-6-P 2.Fructose 6-P +ATP—->Fructose 1,6, BisP 3.PEP+ADP—->Pyruvate +ATP
What enzymes are used instead of glycolytic enzymes for gluconeogenesis?
- Instead of pyruvate kinase{ pyruvate carboxylase and PEP-carboxykinase PEPCK} 2. Instead of PFK1 {Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase} 3. Instead of hexokinase {Glucose-6-phosphatase}
In glycolysis, what activates PFK, inhibits it?
ADP/AMP activator; ATP inhibitor
What activates/inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?
ATP activates inhibited by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisP
What activates PEPCK?
Glucagon and cortisol
What activates pyruvate carboxylase?
acetyl CoA
What is glycogenolysis?
Breaking of glycogen into glucose
What enzyme is first used for glycogenolysis?
glycogen phosphorylase. Adds a phosphate group and H20. i.e breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic links to create individual Glucose 1-P molecules
What activates glycogen phosphorylase?
glucagon in liver and Epinephrine and AMP in skeletal muscle
Difference in glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle?
In skeletal muscle, G1-P is mutated to G-6P and follows on to glycolysis In liver, G6P converted to glucose by G-6-phosphatase in ER of hepatocytes before glucose released to blood