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AQA GCSE - Biology - paper 1 > bioenergetics > Flashcards

bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water (with light) —> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

what is glucose used for?

A
  • respiration
  • cellulose
  • amino acids
  • stored as oils/fats
  • stored as starch
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4
Q

what are limiting factors?

A

An environmental factor which can restrict the rate of a process happening

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5
Q

what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • light
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • temperature
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6
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Within chloroplasts in leaf palisade cells. they contain chlorophyll, a pigment which absorbs light energy.

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7
Q

is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?


A

Endothermic, energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.

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8
Q

Give an example of a leaf adaptation to maximise photosynthesis:

A

1) broad leaves - maximise surface area
2) thin leaves - short diffusion distance
3) chlorophyll present - trap light energy
4) veins - transport water to leaves via xylem, remove photosynthesis products via phloem
5) air spaces - allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave

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9
Q

What law describes the relationship between the distance of a light source from a plant and light intensity?

A

inverse square law
I = k / d^2

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10
Q

What is the process that occurs in plants and algae to produce glucose and oxygen?


A

Photosynthesis

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11
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaves of plants?


A

By diffusion

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12
Q

How does water enter the roots of plants?


A

By osmosis

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13
Q

Why is photosynthesis described as an endothermic reaction?


A

Because energy is transferred from the surroundings to chloroplasts by light

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14
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until enzymes denature

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15
Q

How can knowledge of limiting factors help greenhouse growers?


A
  • Maintain optimal conditions for photosynthesis
  • Maximize crop yield
  • Maintain profits
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16
Q

What is the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures?


A

Higher temperatures and increased carbon dioxide concentration can lead to a higher maximum rate of photosynthesis

17
Q

What is the inverse square law in relation to light intensity?

A

There is an inverse relationship between distance and light intensity - as the distance increases, light intensity decreases.

18
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?


A

Exothermic

19
Q

What are the two types of respiration?


A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

20
Q

What is the main waste product of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

21
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?


A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

22
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in animal cells, and what does it cause?

A

Lactic acid - it causes muscle fatigue (feels like cramps) and an oxygen debt

23
Q

Aerobic respiration releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.

A

What is the difference in energy release between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?


24
Q

What is fermentation in yeast cells?


A

It is anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

25
Q

What is oxygen debt?


A

It is the amount of extra oxygen needed after exercise to remove lactic acid.

26
Q

What is metabolism?


A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.

27
Q

What is one example of metabolism in plants?


A

The conversion of glucose to starch.

28
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the body?


A

They are broken down into urea for excretion.

29
Q

What is glycogen used for in animals?


A

It is used for storage of glucose.

30
Q

What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?


A

Aerobic respiration:
- Uses oxygen
- Produces carbon
dioxide and water
- Releases more
energy
Anaerobic respiration:
- Does not use
oxygen
- Produces lactic acid
(in animals) or
ethanol and carbon
dioxide (in yeast)
- Releases less energy

31
Q

What are the effects of exercise on respiration and metabolism?


A
  • Increased breathing rate for more oxygen intake
  • Increased heart rate for more oxygenated blood supply
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs if oxygen is insufficient, leading to lactic acid buildup
  • Oxygen debt occurs, requiring extra oxygen post-exercise to remove lactic acid

AQA GCSE - Biology - paper 1 (4 decks)

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