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bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis word equation

A

carbon dioxide + water (light energy above arrow)→ glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

carbon dioxide symbol

A

CO₂

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3
Q

water symbol

A

H₂O

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4
Q

oxygen symbol

A

O 2

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5
Q

glucose symbol

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

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6
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis and why?

A

endothermic because energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

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7
Q

explain effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • The chemical reactions that combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose are controlled by
    enzymes
  • As temperature increases the number of collisions increases
  • the rate of photosynthesis increases.
  • at high temperatures, enzymes are denatured.
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8
Q

explain the effect of CO₂ concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • it’s one of the reactants
  • so if CO₂ the rate of photosynthesis will increase
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9
Q

explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesise very quickly - even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide and a suitable temperature.

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10
Q

how can you measure the rate of photosynthesis

A

the rate of oxygen output, the uptake of carbon dioxide or the rate of carbohydrate production

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11
Q

light intensity equation

A

light intensity ⍺ 1/distance²

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12
Q

why are limiting factors important in the economics in a greenhouse

A

enhances conditions in the greenhouse to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit

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13
Q

what can glucose be used for when made in photosynthesis

A

respiration,insoluble starch for storage, fat or oil for storage, cellulose (strengthens cell wall), produce amino acids for protein synthesis

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14
Q

what can plants also use to create proteins

A

nitrate ions

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15
Q

what type of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

exothermic

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16
Q

what does the energy transfer to in respiration?

A

all the energy needed for living processes

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17
Q

what do organisms need energy for?

A

chemical reactions to build larger molecules, movement, keeping warm

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18
Q

aerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen →carbon dioxide + water

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19
Q

anaerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose → lactic acid

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20
Q

what type of respiration transfers less energy and why

A

anaerobic - the oxidation of glucose is incomplete so much less energy is transferred

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21
Q

anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells word equation

A

glucose→carbon dioxide + ethanol

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22
Q

what is anaerobic respiration called in yeast cells

A

fermentation

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23
Q

what is fermentation used in

A

manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

24
Q

what does the body react to during exercise?

A

increased demand for energy

25
Q

what has to increase during exercise in your body and why?

A

heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume to supply muscles with more oxygenated blood

26
Q

what happens in the body when anaerobic respiration has to take place

A
  • the body cannot get enough oxygen so it respires without it
  • the incomplete oxidation of glucose causes lactic acid to build up in the muscles
  • this creates oxygen debt
  • during long periods of activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently
27
Q

how is lactic acid removed in the body?

A
  • blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver
  • the liver converts it back to glucose
28
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells

29
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

30
Q

when is glycogen broken down?

A

glycogen is broken down in short term needs of energy

31
Q

when are proteins broken down

A

proteins may be broken down in periods of starvation

32
Q

when are lipids broken down?

A

lipids are broken down in long-term demands of energy

33
Q

what is the energy transferred by respiration cells used by the organism for?

A

the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesis new molecules

34
Q

how many of each molecule are lipids made of

A

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules

35
Q

what does metabolism include?

A

conversion of glucose, formation of lipid molecules, formation of amino acids, respiration and breakdown of excess proteins

36
Q

what does lactic acid get broken down into

A

carbon dioxide and water

37
Q

what type of respiration is basketball and why?

A

aerobic because it is long and extensive

38
Q

what type of respiration is the pole vault and why?

A

anaerobic because it is short and explosive

39
Q

what are the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

both need glucose, they both release some energy

40
Q

during exercise the muscles contract faster to.. so….

A

move quicker, more glucose, oxygen and energy is needed so more respiration happens

41
Q

during exercise the heart beats faster so

A

oxygen in the red blood cells gets glucose from digestion is the plasma around the body

42
Q

during exercise we breathe faster so

A

exchange in the lungs happens faster

43
Q

during exercise the arteries supplying muscles dilate

A

so more blood can be carried

44
Q

during exercise the breathing rate increases

A

so more oxygen diffuses into the blood and more carbon dioxide can be exhaled

45
Q

during exercise glycogen stored in muscles is converted to glucose so

A

glucose is made quicker and replaces the glucose in the blood being used by the muscle cells

46
Q

does photosynthesis happen in plants, animals or both?

A

plants

47
Q

does respiration happen in plants, animals or both?

A

both

48
Q

does the breakdown of glucose happen in plants, animals or both?

A

plants

49
Q

does the making of lipids happen in plants, animals or both?

A

both

50
Q

does breakdown of proteins into urea happen in plants, animals or both?

A

animals

51
Q

does the making of amino acids happen in plants, animals or both?

A

plants

52
Q

does glucose being made into glycogen happen in plants, animals or both?

A

animals

53
Q

what are the 2 ways proteins that cannot be stored are made into something else

A
  1. protein -> fat/carbs are stored
  2. protein -> (deamination in the liver) ammonia which is toxic to the body -> urea diffused from blood to kidney -> filtered by the kidney and excreted by the body
54
Q

hepatic vein

A

carries blood from the liver to the hear with levels of food adjusted

55
Q

hepatic artery

A

brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver

56
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries blood containing digested food from the intestines to the liver

57
Q

deamination

A

the removal of an amino group from a molecule

Biology (2 decks)

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